Human Anatomy and Kinanthropometry Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
Name the 4 components of skeletal system
A
Bone tissue
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
Joints
2
Q
Name the 6 functions of the skeletal system
A
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage
3
Q
What are the two main minerals stored in bones?
A
Calcium
Phosphorus
4
Q
What 3 cell types are produced in the bone marrow?
A
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
5
Q
What is the process of producing blood cells in the bone marrow called?
A
Haematopoiesis
6
Q
Name the 4 categories for bones
A
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
7
Q
Name the 7 components of bones
A
Bone tissue
Periosteum
Endosperm
Articular cartilage
Blood vessels
Nervous tissue
Adipose tissue
8
Q
What is bone (osseous) tissue made up of?
A
80% compact, dense, cortical bone
20% spongy trabecular bone
9
Q
What is bone extracellular matrix composed of?
A
85-90% collagen type 1 fibres
10
Q
What is the role of collagen in the bone’s extracellular matrix?
A
High tensile strength
Bone modelling and remodelling
11
Q
What is the bone cellular matrix composed of?
A
50-70% mineral
20-40% organic matter
5-10% water
3% lipids
12
Q
What is the mineral content of bones mostly?
A
Hydroxyapatite (mix of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide)
13
Q
What is bone modelling?
A
The process by which bones change their overall shape in response to physiological influences or mechanical forces, leading to gradual skeletal adjustment
14
Q
What is bone remodelling?
A
The process where the bone is renewed to maintain bone strength and mineral homeostasis
15
Q
Name 4 bone cells that are integral to bone modelling and remodelling
A
Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
16
Q
What is the appendicular skeleton’s primary function?
A
Movement
17
Q
Name some features of a long bone
A
Hollow shaft (diaphysis)
Flared, cone-shaped metaphysic below growth plates (epiphyseal line)
Rounded epiphyses above growth plates
Articular cartilage covers epiphysis
18
Q
What is diaphysis?
A
A collar of dense cortical bone around a central medullary cavity
19
Q
What are metaphysics and epiphysis?
A
Composed of trabecular bone surrounded by a relatively thin shell of dense cortical bone
20
Q
How many phalanges does a single upper extremity contain?
A
14 (proximal, intermediate and distal)
21
Q
How many metacarpals does a single upper extremity contain?
A
5
22
Q
How many carpals does a single upper extremity contain?
A
8
23
Q
Name the other 5 bones that make up the upper limb
A
Radius, ulna, humerus, scapula, clavicle
24
Q
How many phalanges does a single lower extremity contain?
A
14 (proximal, intermediate and distal)
25
How many metatarsals does a single lower extremity contain?
5
26
How many tarsals does a single lower extremity contain?
7
27
Name the other 6 bones of the lower limb (including 3 hip bones)
Fibula, tibia, femur, ilium, ischium and pubis
28
Name the 2 functions of the axial skeleton
Protect key organs
Calcium storage and release
29
What is a fibrous joint?
Articulating bones are united by dense, irregular connective tissue (mainly collagen)
30
What is the degree of movement at a fibrous joint?
Varies from immovable to slightly movable
31
What are the 2 types of fibrous joints?
Sutures
Syndesmoses
32
What is a cartilaginous joint?
A joint characterised by the presence of a solid piece of hyaline cartilage or fibrous cartilage that unites the articulating bones
33
What is the degree of movement at a cartilaginous joint?
Varies from immovable to slightly movable
34
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses
Symphyses
35
What is a synovial joint?
Two-layered articular capsule that unites the articulating bones and surrounds a lubricated space called an articular cavity. Lubrication is supplied by the inner layer of the articular capsule
36
What is the range of movement at a synovial joint?
Ranges from slightly movable to freely movable
37
What are the 6 types of synovial joint?
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball and socket
38
Give an example of a fibrous joint
Radio-ulnar joint (interosseous membrane - wrist)
39
Give an example of a cartilaginous joint
Intervertebral joint
40
Give an example of a synovial joint
Femoro-tibial joint (knee)
41
Superior Definition
Towards the head, or upper part of a structure
42
Inferior Definition
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
43
Anterior Definition
Nearer to / at the front of the body
44
Posterior Definition
Nearer to / at the back of the body
45
Medial Definition
Nearer to the midline of the body
46
Lateral Definition
Further from the midline
47
Intermediate Definition
Between 2 structures
48
Ipsilateral Definition
On the same side of the body as another structure
49
Contralateral Definition
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
50
Proximal Definition
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk/nearer to the origination of a structure
51
Distal Definition
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk/further from the origination of a structure
52
Superficial Definition
Towards/ on the surface of the body
53
Deep Definition
Away from the surface of the body
54
What is the supine position?
Lying on your back
55
What is the prone position?
Lying on your front
56
What is the anterior view of the body?
The forward facing image of the body
57
What is the posterior view of the body?
The backward facing image of the body
58
What region of the body does the cephalic region refer to?
Head
59
What region of the body does the cervical region refer to?
Neck
60
What region of the body does the brachial region refer to?
Arm
61
What region of the body does the carpal region refer to?
Wrist
62
What region of the body does the thoracic region refer to?
Chest
63
What region of the body does the abdominal region refer to?
Abdomen
64
What region of the body does the pelvic region refer to?
Pelvis
65
What region of the body does the palmar or volar region refer to?
Palm of hand
66
What region of the body does the digital or phalangeal region refer to?
Fingers/Toes
67
What region of the body does the femoral region refer to?
Thigh
68
What region of the body does the inguinal region refer to?
Groin
69
What region of the body does the pubic region refer to?
Pubis
70
What region of the body does the crural region refer to?
Leg
71
What region of the body does the tarsal region refer to?
Ankle
72
What region of the body does the pedal region refer to?
Foot
73
What region of the body does the vertebral region refer to?
Spinal Column
74
What region of the body does the sacral region refer to?
Between the hips
75
What region of the body does the dorsal region refer to?
Back
76
What does the 'rectus' directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body's midline?
Parallel to midline
77
What does the 'transverse' directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body's midline?
Perpendicular to midline
78
What does the 'oblique' directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body's midline?
Diagonal to midline
79
What does 'maximus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Largest
80
What does 'minimus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Smallest
81
What does 'longus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Long
82
What does 'brevis' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Short
83
What does 'latissimus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Widest
84
What does 'longissimus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Longest
85
What does 'magnus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Large
86
What does 'major' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Larger
87
What does 'minor' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Smaller
88
What does 'vastus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Huge
89
What shape is a 'deltoid' muscle?
Triangular
90
What shape is a 'trapezius' muscle?
Trapezoid
91
What shape is a serratus muscle?
Saw-toothed
92
What shape is a rhomboid muscle?
Diamond-shaped
93
What shape is a orbicularis muscle?
Circular
94
What shape is a pectinate muscle?
Comblike
95
What shape is a piriformis muscle?
Pear-shaped
96
What shape is a platys muscle?
Flat
97
What shape is a quadratus muscle?
Square, four-sided
98
What shape is a gracilis muscle?
Slender
99
What does a flexor muscle do?
Decreases the joint angle
100
What does an extensor muscle do?
Increases the joint angle
101
What does an abductor muscle do?
Moves bone away from midline
102
What does an adductor muscle do?
Moves bone towards midline
103
What does a levator muscle do?
Raises/elevates a body part
104
What does a depressor muscle do?
Lowers/depresses a body part
105
What does a supinator muscle do?
Turns palm anteriorly
106
What does a pronator muscle do?
Turns palm superiorly
107
What does a sphincter muscle do?
Decreases size of an opening
108
What does a tensor muscle do?
Makes body part rigid
109
What does a rotator muscle do?
Rotates bone around longitudinal axis
110
How many origins does a bicep muscle have?
2
111
How many origins does a tricep muscle have?
3
112
How many origins does a quadricep muscle have?
4
113
What is a fissure on a bone?
A narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
114
What is a foramen on a bone?
An opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
115
What is a fossa on a bone?
Shallow depression
116
What is a sulcus on a bone?
A furrow along the bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon
117
What is a meatus on a bone?
A tubelike opening
118
What is a condyle on a bone?
A large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone
119
What is a facet on a bone?
A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
120
What is a head on a bone?
A usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone
121
What is a crest of a bone?
A prominent ridge or elongated projection
122
What is an epicondyle of a bone?
A typically roughened projection above condyle
123
What is a line on a bone?
A long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than the crest)
124
What is a spinous process on a bone?
Sharp, slender projection
125
What is a trochanter on a bone?
A very large projection
126
What is a tubercle on a bone?
Variably sized rounded projection
127
What is a tuberosity on a bone?
Variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface
128
Name the characteristics of a smooth muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, where it's found)
Not striated
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn't fatigue
Found in internal organs
129
Name the characteristics of a cardiac muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, role in the body)
Visible striation
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn't fatigue
Allows heart to pump blood
130
Name the characteristics of a skeletal muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, role in the body)
Highly organised striations
Multiple nuclei
Voluntary control
Does fatigue
Generates movement of body parts
131
Name the functions of a muscle
Movement of body parts
Stabilization of body
Control organ volume (e.g stomach, bladder)
Move fluids (blood, lymph)
Thermoregulation (shivering)
Energy storage (glycogen stored in muscles)
132
Name the properties of a muscle
Electrically excitable (respond to neural stimulation)
Contractility (generate tension)
Extensibility (can lengthen without damage (within limits))
Elasticity (returns to original shape after stretch (in all directions)
133
Define the origin of a muscle
Proximal attachment that usually remains stationary during contraction
134
Define the insertion of a muscle
Distal attachment that usually moves towards the origin during contraction
135
What is a muscle fasicle?
A bundle of muscle fibres
136
What are Z discs?
They separate one sarcomere from the next
137
What is the A band?
The area of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin
138
What is the I band?
A lighter, less dense area of the sarcomere that only contains actin filaments
139
What is the H band?
A narrow section surrounding the M line containing only myosin filaments
140
What is a parallel muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fibres run in a straight line from origin to insertion within that muscle. The muscle fibres terminate at either end in flat tendons
141
What is a fusiform muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fascicles are nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of the muscle, terminating in flat tendons. The middle of the muscle is bulbous in shape
142
What is a circular muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fascicles are in concentric circular arrangements and form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice (opening)
143
What is a triangular muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fascicles that spread over a broad area converge at a thick central tendon, giving the muscle a triangular appearance
144
What is a parallel muscle fibre arrangement?
Short muscle fascicles in relation to the total muscle length; the tendon extends nearly the entire length of the muscle
145
What is a unipennate muscle fibre arrangement?
Where muscle fascicles are arranged on only 1 side of the tendon
146
What is a bipinnate muscle fibre arrangement?
Where muscle fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons
147
What is a multipennate muscle fibre arrangement?
Where muscle fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons
148
Where does the subclavius muscle originate from?
Rib 1
149
Where does the subclavius muscle insert?
Clavicle
150
What muscle action does the subclavius muscle produce?
Depression of the scapula
151
Where does the pectoralis minor originate?
Ribs 2-5
152
Where does the pectoralis minor insert?
Coracoid process of scapula
153
What muscle action does the pectoralis minor produce?
Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downward
154
Where does the serratus anterior originate?
Ribs 1-8
155
Where does the serratus anterior insert?
Vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
156
What muscle action does the serratus anterior produce?
Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula upward
157
Name 3 anterior thoracic muscles
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
158
Name 4 posterior thoracic muscles
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
159
Where does the trapezius originate?
Spines of C7-T12
160
Where does the trapezius insert?
Clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
161
What muscle action does the trapezius produce?
Superior fibres upwardly rotate scapula, middle fibres adduct scapula, inferior fibres depress and upwardly rotate scapula
162
Where does the levator scapulae originate?
Transverse processes of C1-C4
163
Where does the levator scapulae insert?
Superior vertebral border of scapula
164
What muscle action does the levator scapulae produce?
Elevates scapula and rotates it downward
165
Where does the rhomboid major originate?
Spines of T2-T5
166
Where does the rhomboid major insert?
Vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine
167
What muscle action does the rhomboid major produce?
Retraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards
168
Where does the rhomboid minor originate?
Spines of C7-T1
169
Where does the rhomboid minor insert?
Vertebral border of scapula superior to spine
170
What muscle action does the rhomboid minor produce?
Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards
171
Name the 6 movements at the scapula
- Elevation
- Depression
- Protraction (abduction)
- Retraction (adduction)
- Scapula lateral/upward rotation
- Scapula medial/downward rotation
172
What is scapula elevation?
Upwards movement of the scapula (movement superiorly) - 'shrugging the shoulders'
173
What muscles cause elevation of the scapula?
Contraction of the upper trapezius and levator scapulae
174
What is scapula depression?
Downwards movement of the scapula (movement inferiorly)
175
What muscles cause scapula depression?
Contraction of the lower trapezius and pectoralis minor
176
What is scapula protraction (abduction)?
When the scapulae move laterally away from the spine (forwards movement of the shoulders)
177
What muscles cause scapula protraction?
Contraction of the serratus anterior, pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
178
What is scapula retraction (adduction)?
When the scapulae move laterally towards the spine (backwards movement of the shoulders)
179
What muscles cause scapula retraction?
Contraction of the middle trapezius, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
180
What is lateral/upward rotation of the scapula?
Movement of the inferior angle of the scapula laterally so the glenoid cavity is facing upwards (shoulder blade moving towards arm)
181
What muscles cause lateral rotation of the scapula?
Trapezius and serratus anterior
182
What is medial/downward rotation of the scapula?
Movement of the scapula towards the medial region of the body (towards the spine), so the glenoid cavity faces down
183
What muscles cause medial rotation of the scapula?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
184
Where does the pectoralis major originate?
Clavicular head, sternum and costal cartilage of ribs 1-7
185
Where does the pectoralis major insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
186
What muscle action does the pectoralis major produce?
As a whole, it adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, the clavicular head flexes arm, sternocostal head flexes the extended arm to side of trunk
187
Where does the latissimus dorsi originate?
Spines of T7-L5, lumbar vertebrae, crests of sacrum and ilium, ribs 9-12
188
Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?
Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
189
What muscle action does the latissimus dorsi produce?
Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly, extends vertebral column and torso
190
Where does the deltoid originate?
Acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula
191
Where does the deltoid insert?
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
192
What muscle action does the deltoid produce?
Lateral fibres abduct arm at shoulder joint, anterior fibres flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint, posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint
193
Where does the subscapularis originate?
Subscapular fossa of scapula
194
Where does the subscapularis insert?
Lesser tubercle of humerus
195
What muscle action does the subscapularis produce?
Medially rotates the arm at shoulder joint
196
Where does the supraspinatus originate?
Supraspinous fossa of scapula
197
Where does the supraspinatus insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
198
What muscle action does the supraspinatus produce?
Assists the deltoid muscle in abducting the arm at the shoulder joint
199
Where does the infraspinatus originate?
Infraspinous fossa of scapula
200
Where does the infraspinatus insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
201
What muscle action does the infraspinatus produce?
Laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint
202
Where does the teres major originate?
Inferior angle of scapula
203
Where does the teres major insert?
Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
204
What muscle action does the teres major produce?
Extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint
205
Where does the teres minor originate?
Inferior lateral border of scapula
206
Where does the teres minor insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
207
What muscle action does the teres minor produce?
Laterally rotates and extends the arm joint at the shoulder
208
Where does the coracobrachialis originate?
Coracoid process of scapula
209
Where does the coracobrachialis insert?
Middle of medial surface of shaft of humerus
210
What muscle action does the coracobrachialis produce?
Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint
211
