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TEAS > Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

The cell is the _____ ______________ ____ of all living things

A

Basic organizational unit

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2
Q

Each piece withing a cell has a function that helps organisms ____ and _______

A

Grow and survive

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3
Q

There are many different types of cells, but cells are ______ to each type of organism

A

Unique

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4
Q

The one thing that all cells have in common is a ________

A

Membrane

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5
Q

What is a membrane comparable to?

A

A semi-permeable plastic bag

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6
Q

What is the membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipids

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7
Q

Proteins that help certain molecules and ions move in and out of the cell

A

Transport holes

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8
Q

Where are transport holes found?

A

Membrane

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9
Q

The cell is filled with a fluid called _________ or _______

A

Cytoplasm or cytosol

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10
Q

Within the cell there are a variety of __________

A

Organelles

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11
Q

Groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive, each with its own unique membrane that has a different chemical makeup from the cell membrane

A

Organelles

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12
Q

The larger the cell, the more __________ it will need to live

A

Organelles

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13
Q

All organisms, whether plants, animals, fungi, protists, or bacteria, exhibit structural organization on the ________ and ________ level

A

Cellular and organism

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14
Q

All cells contain ___ and ___ and can synthesize proteins

A

DNA and RNA

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15
Q

_____ are the basic structural units of all organisms

A

Cells

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16
Q

All organisms have a highly organized ________ structure

A

Cellular

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17
Q

Each cell consists of:

A

Nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane

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18
Q

Specialized organelles such as ____________ and ____________ have specific functions within the cell

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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19
Q

In single-celled organisms, that single cell contains all of the components necessary for ____

A

Life

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20
Q

In multicellular organisms, cells can become __________

A

Specialized

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21
Q

Different types of cells can have different _________

A

Functions

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22
Q

Life begins begins as a single cell whether by _______ or ______ ____________

A

Asexual or sexual reproduction

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23
Q

What are cells grouped together in?

A

Tissues

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24
Q

What are tissues grouped together in?

A

Organs

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25
What are organs grouped together in?
Systems
26
An ________ is a complete individual
Organism
27
This is a small structure that contains the chromosomes and regulated the DNA of a cell
Nucleus
28
The defining structure of eukaryotic cells, and all eukaryotic cells have this
Nucleus
29
Responsible for the passing on of genetic traits between generations
Nucleus
30
What does the nucleus contain?
- Nuclear envelope - Nucleoplasm - Nucleolus - Nuclear pores - Chromatin - Ribosomes
31
These are highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA
Chromosomes
32
What is DNA short for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
33
Genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal
DNA
34
This consists of the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes
Chromatin
35
This structure contained within the nucleus consists of protein
Nucleolus
36
Small, round, does not have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA
Nucleolus
37
What is RNA short for?
Ribonucleic acid
38
This encloses the structures of the nucleus. Consists of inner and outer membranes
Nuclear envelope
39
What are the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope made of?
Lipids
40
These are involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nuclear pores
41
This is the liquid within the nucleus, and is similar to cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm
42
The cell membrane is also referred to as
The plasma membrane
43
Thin semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins
The cell membrane/plasma membrane
44
Isolates the cell from its external environment while still enabling the cell to communicate with that outside environment
Cell membrane/plasma membrane
45
What does the cell membrane consist of?
It consists of a phospholipid bilayer, or double layer, with the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing the external environment, the inner layer facing the inside of the cell, and the hydrophobic ends facing each other
46
Know cell membrane picture on page 70
Know cell membrane picture on page 70
47
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, has _________ ____________
Selective permeability
48
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, has selective permeability with regard to:
Size, charge, and solubility
49
With regard to molecule size, the cell membrane allows only small molecules to _______ through it
Diffuse
50
______ and _____ molecules are small and typically can pass through the cell membrane
Oxygen and water
51
The charge of the ____ on the cell's surface also either attracts or repels ____
Ions | Ions
52
Ions with like charges are ________
Repelled
53
Ions with opposite charges are _________ to the cell's surface
Attracted
54
Molecules that are soluble in _____________ can usually pass through the cell membrane
Phospholipids
55
Many molecules are not able to diffuse the cell membrane, and, if needed, those molecules must be moved through by ______ _________ and ________
Active transport and vesicles
56
Involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids
Ribosomes
57
They are numerous, making up about one quarter of the cell | - Some cells contain thousands
Ribosomes
58
Some are mobile and some are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
59
This is involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell
Golgi complex
60
It is located near the nucleus and consists of layers of membranes
Golgi complex
61
Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Vacuoles
62
There is one large _______ in plant cells. Animal cells have small, sometimes numerous ________
Vacuole | Vacuoles
63
Consists o f microtubules that help shape and support the cell
Cytoskeleton
64
Part of the cytoskeleton and help support the cell. They are made of protein
Microtubules
65
The liquid material in the cell. It is mostly water, but also contains some floating molecules
Cytosol
66
General term that refers to cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus
Cytoplasm
67
Defines the cell by acting as a barrier. It helps keep cytoplasm in and substances located outside the cell out. It also determines what is allowed to enter and exit the cell
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
68
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough and smooth
69
Has ribosomes on the surface
Rough ER
70
Does not have ribosomes on the surface
Smooth ER
71
A tubular network that comprises the transport system of the cell. It is fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
72
These cell structures vary in terms of size and quantity. Some cells make have one, while others have thousands. This structure performs various functions such as generating ATP, and is also involved in cell growth and death. They contain their own DNA that is separate from that contained in the nucleus
Mitochondrion (pl mitochondria)
73
What are four functions of the mitochondria?
1. The production of cell energy 2. Cell signaling (how communications are carried out within a cell) 3. Cellular differentiation (the process whereby a non-differentiated cell becomes transformed into a cell with a more specialized purpose) 4. Cell cycle and growth regulation (the process whereby the cell gets ready to reproduce and reproduces)
74
Mitochondria are numerous in __________ cells
Eukaryotic
75
Mitochondria can be involved in many functions. What is the main one?
Supplying the cell with energy
76
Mitochondria consist of an inner and outer ________
Membrane
77
What does the mitochondria's inner membrane enclose?
The matrix
78
What does the matrix contain?
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes
79
Between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria are _____ or _______
Folds or cristae
80
In the folds (cristae) of the mitochondria chemical reactions occur. What do they do?
- Release energy - Control water levels in cells - Recycle and create proteins and fats
81
What kind of respiration occurs in the Mitochondria?
Aerobic
82
Comprised of the pair or centrioles located at right angles to each other and surrounded by protein. Involved in mitosis and the cell cycle
Centrosome | - Animal Cell Structure-
83
Cylinder-shaped structures neat the nucleus that are involved in cellular division. Each cylinder consists of nine groups of three microtubules. Occur in pairs
Centrioles | - Animal Cell Structure -
84
Digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and also transports undigested substances to the cell membrane so they can be removed. The shape depends on the material being transported
Lysosome | - Animal Cell Structure -
85
Appendages extending from the surface of the cell, the movement of which causes the cell to move. They can also result in fluid being moved by the cell
Cilia | - Animal Cell Structure -
86
Tail-like structures on cells that use whip-like movements to help the cell move. They are similar to cilia, but are usually longer and not as numerous. A cell usually only has one or a few
Flagella | - Animal Cell Structure -

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