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Human Anatomy > Human Anatomy Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of external structures, internal structures, the relationship between body parts, careful observation of the human body, and provides clues about physiological functions

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how the body functions, mechanisms in the body, and a relationship of anatomical structures to physiological function

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification

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4
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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5
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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6
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

The study of structures that can be seen without magnification

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7
Q

Surface anatomy

A

The study of general anatomical form, or morphology, refers to the superficial anatomical markings

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8
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Refers to all structures in a specific area of the body i.e. head neck, trunk

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9
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

The study of the organ systems of the body i.e. digestive system, cardiovascular system, urinary system

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10
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Examines structural change over time

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11
Q

Embryology

A

The study of early developmental stages

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12
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Anatomical similarities and differences in different types of animals

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13
Q

Clinical anatomy

A

Studies anatomical changes that occur during pathological illness

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14
Q

Surgical anatomy

A

Studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures

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15
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

Using x-rays or ultrasound scans to study anatomy

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16
Q

Cross-sectional anatomy

A

Using radiographic techniques (CT,MRI, and spiral scans) to study cross sections of the body

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17
Q

Chemical/Molecular level

A

Over a dozen elements in the body. 99% hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Major compounds - water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

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18
Q

Cellular level

A

The smallest living unit in the body. Consists of organelles

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19
Q

Tissue level

A

Many cells and some surrounding material i.e. epithelial, muscular, neural, and connective tissue

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20
Q

Organ level

A

Combination of tissues i.e. the heart consists of all the above - mentioned tissues

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21
Q

Responsiveness

A

The ability to respond to changes. The capacity to make long-lasting adjustments

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22
Q

Growth and Differentiation

A

The increase in the size of cells. The increase in the number of cells. The cells become specialized to perform particular functions

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23
Q

Reproduction

A

The production of new generations of the same organism

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24
Q

Movement

A

Internal movement- the movement of food or blood. External movement- walking

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25
Q

Metabolism and Excretion

A

All the chemical reactions in the body

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26
Q

Anabolism

A

The synthesis of complex molecules

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27
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex molecules

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28
Q

Absorption

A

The process of bringing material into the body

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29
Q

Respiration

A

The absorption, transport, and use oxygen by cells

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30
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of waste

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31
Q

Integumentary system

A

Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature. Organs: skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, subcutaneous layer

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32
Q

Skeletal system

A

Supports and protects tissues; stores minerals forms blood cells. Organs: bones, cartilages and joints, axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages, and ligaments, appendicular skeleton (limbs and supporting bones and ligaments), ligaments, bone marrow

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33
Q

Muscular System

A

Allows for locomotion provides support; produces heat. Organs: skeletal muscles, axial muscle, appendicular muscles, tendons and aponeuroses

34
Q

Nervous system

A

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems. Organs: central nervous system (CNS), brain, spinal cord, special senses, peripheral nervous system (PNS)

35
Q

Endocrine system

A

Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems. Organs: Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads: testes, ovaries

36
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

37
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream. Organs: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

38
Q

Respiratory system

A

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood produces sound. Organs: nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs-alveoli

39
Q

Digestive system

A

Processes food and absorbs nutrients. Organs: oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine

40
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes. Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

41
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Produces sex cells and hormones. Organs: testes, accessory organs-epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, urethra, external genitalia-penis, scrotum

42
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth. Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia-clitoris, labia, mammary glands

43
Q

Superficial anatomy

A

Used to understand structures that are deep to (internal to) the integument, anatomical landmarks, regions, directions

44
Q

Sectional anatomy

A

Electric imaging allows us to see inside the body. The sectional view is kept to illustrate the anatomy of 3D objects, planes and sections, body cavities

45
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standing with the feet flat on the floor, hands by side, palms facing forward, supine:lying down (face up), prone: lying down (face down)

46
Q

Anatomical regions

A

Areas of the human body defined by the landmarks provided by evident structures that are easily palpable or visible; cephalon (head), trunk, upper limb, lower limb

47
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A

Abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into four sections

48
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A

The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into nine sections

49
Q

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

A

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine

50
Q

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

A

Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

51
Q

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

A

Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), and right ureter

52
Q

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

A

Most of small intestine portions of large intestine, left ureter, and reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)

53
Q

Right hypochondriac region

A

Fundus of liver

54
Q

Right lumbar region

A

Ascending colon

55
Q

Right inguinal region

A

Appendix

56
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A

Fundus of stomach, spleen

57
Q

Left lumbar region

A

Descending colon

58
Q

Left inguinal region

A

Sigmoid colon

59
Q

Epigastric region

A

Most of the liver, most of the stomach, most of the pancreas, gallbladder

60
Q

Umbilical region

A

Transverse colon, most of the small intestine

61
Q

Hypogastric (pubic) region

A

Urinary bladder/rectum

62
Q

Cranial, caudal

A

Head, feet

63
Q

Anterior, posterior

A

Front and back

64
Q

Medial, lateral

A

left, right

65
Q

Superficial, deep

A

on the surface further in

66
Q

Proximal, distal

A

closer to the middle, further away

67
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Separates the tissue/body into left and right sections

68
Q

Midsagittal

A

Equal left and right sections

69
Q

Parasagittal

A

Parallel section to the midline

70
Q

Transverse plane

A

Separates the tissue/body into proximal and distal sections

71
Q

Frontal plane

A

Separates the tissue/body into anterior and posterior sections

72
Q

Serial Reconstruction

A

A series of sections at small intervals

73
Q

Body cavities

A

The body can first be divided into two major cavities

74
Q

Posterior cavity (dorsal cavity)

A

Cranial cavity, spinal cavity

75
Q

Anterior cavity (ventral cavity)

A

Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity; contains viscera and is separated from the thoracic cavity via the diaphragm muscle, pelvic cavity

76
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity

77
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, peritoneal cavity

78
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Visceral pleura, parietal pleura

79
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium, parietal layer of the serous pericardium

80
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum

Human Anatomy (5 decks)

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