Human Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Physiology
Study of how the body functions
–Homeostatic mechanisms: how body reacts to changes in conditions and tries to go back to baseline values
Anatomy
Study of internal/external structures
- -naming parts/how they fit together
- anatomy dictates physiology
- specific anatomical structures have specific physiological functions
Cytology
Study of cells
Histology
study of tissues
Surface anatomy
superficial anatomical markings and relationship to deeper structures
Clinical Anatomy
changes during illness
Surgical anatomy
landmarks for surgical procedures
Developmental anatomy
changes over time
Comparative anatomy
anatomical similarities and differences between types of animals, typically vertebrates
Synapomorphies
Shared derived traits; all members of a group have that trait
Vertebrate Synapomorphies
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- Notochord
- Post-anal tail
- Pharyngeal Arches
- Braincase
Levels of anatomy from simple to complex
Chemical – Cellular – Tissue – Organ – Organ System – Organism
Cellular Level
smallest living unit; have organelles
Tissue Level
cells and some surrounding material
Organ Level
Combination of tissues
– can be multiple types of tissue in one organ
Organ System Level
Combination of various organs
there are 11 in the human body all concerned with homeostasis except for the reproductive system
Characteristics of Life
- Order
- Regulation
- Growth and Development
- Energy Processing
- Response to the Environment
- Reproduction
- Evolutionary Adaptation
- Responsiveness: internal and external; respond to changes via acute or chronic adjustments; homeostasis
- Growth and Differentiation
- —- Hypertrophy: increase in size of cells
- —- Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells
- —- Differentiation: cells with particular functions
Metabolism and Excretion
- Anabolism: synthesis of complex molecules
- Catabolism: breakdown of complex molecules
- Absorption: process of bringing material into body
- Respiration: absorption, transport, and use of oxygen
- Excretion: removal of waste, CO2, excess ions
The Integumentary System
- Protects against external environment
- Thermoregulation and sensory
- – Skin: covers surface; protects deeper tissues; nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands
- – Hair Follicles: produce hair; innervation provides sensation; provide protection for head; secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
- – Sweat Glands: produce perspiration for evaporative cooling
- – Nails: protect and stiffen distal tips of digits
- – Sensory Receptors: provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain
- – Subcutaneous Layer: stores lipids; attaches skin to deeper structures
The Skeletal System
- Support and protection
- Immunity, storage of Ca++, and feeding
- – Bones, Cartilage, and Joints: support and protect soft tissues; store minerals; protect brain, spinal cord, organs and soft tissues of thoracic cavity; support bodyweight over lower limbs; provide internal support and positioning of limbs; support and move axial skeleton
- – Ligaments: connect bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage
- – Bone Marrow: primary site of blood cell production; storage of energy reserves in fat cells
The Muscular System
- Locomotion
- Thermoregulation and storage of amino acids
- – Skeletal Muscles: provide skeletal movement; control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts and exits to digestive and urinary tracts; produce heat; support skeleton; protect soft tissues
- —— Support and position axial skeleton; support, move and brace limbs
- – Tendons and Aponeuroses: transmit the contractile forces of skeletal muscle to bone in order to move
