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Anatomy > human anatomy lecture 1&2 > Flashcards

human anatomy lecture 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Anatomy studied and seen With the naked eye

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2
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

Anatomy studied with a microscope

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3
Q

What is cytology?

A

Study of cells

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4
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissue

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5
Q

What is the order of structural organization of the body?

A 
Chemical level (atom and molecules)
Organelle level (nervous ribosomes, ER)
Cellular level (erythrocytes, neuron, osteoblasts)
Tissue level (connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial tissue)
Organ level (small intestines)
Organ system level (Digestive, circulatory, reproductive)
Organism level ( stomach, heart, lungs, YOU)
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6
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

The hair and skin

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7
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

Bones

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8
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

Tendons
Aponeurosis
Muscles

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9
Q

What is the nervous system?

A 
Sense organ (eye)
Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system 
Peripheral nerves
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10
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary
Thyroid
Thymus
Pancreas
Kidney
Testes
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11
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart
Capillaries
Vein
Artery

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12
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A 
Tonsils
Cervical lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Axillary lymph nodes
Thoracic duct
Lymph vessels
Popliteal lymph node
Inguinal lymph node
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13
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A 
Nose
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Pharynx (throat)
Bronchi
Lungs
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14
Q

What is the digestive system?

A 
Oral cavity (mouth)
Salivary glands
Pharynx (throat)
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine
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15
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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16
Q

What is the reproductive system for males?

A 
Scrotum
Testis
Urethra
Prostate gland
Ductus deferens
Seminal
Vesicles
Epididymis 
Penis
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17
Q

What is the reproductive system for women?

A 
Mammary glands
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Uterine tube
External geniralla
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18
Q

What is anatomical position?

A 
Standing upright
Feet parallel and flat on the floor
Head level and eyes facing forward
Arms at the side of the body
Palms face anterior
Thumbs pointed laterally
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19
Q

Anterior means

A

Closer to the front

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20
Q

Posterior

A

Closer to the back

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21
Q

Dorsal

A

Back side

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22
Q

Ventral

A

Belly side

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23
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head

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24
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to the feet

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25
Q

Cranial or rostral

A

Head end

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26
Q

Caudal

A

Tail or rear end

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27
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

28
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

29
Q

Superficial

A

On the outside

30
Q

Deep

A

On the inside

31
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachement

32
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment

33
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

34
Q

Radiography (x-ray)

A

Hard tissue

35
Q

Computed tomography (CT scan or CAT scan)

A

Fancy x ray- more detailed

36
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Soft tissue

37
Q

Sonography (ultrasound)

A

Look at babies

38
Q

Angiography

A

Inject ink to see veins

39
Q

Positron Emission tomography (PET)

A

Radioactive ink injected to see what is active, like tumors

40
Q

Where is the pericardium?

A

Heart/ middle of the chest

41
Q

Where is the pleura?

A

Lungs

42
Q

What’s the peritoneum?

A

Intestinal area/ everything below the chest

43
Q

What is serous fluid used for and where?

A

Between visceral and parietal layer

Reduces friction caused by moving organs

44
Q

Inner wall of the balloon

A

comparable to visceral layer of a serous membrane

Covers organs

45
Q

Air in the balloon

A

comparable to serous cavity filled with serous fluid

reduces friction by moving organs
between visceral and parietal layers

46
Q

Outer balloon

A

comparable to parietal layer of a serous membrane

Lines the body cavity

47
Q

What are the three prenatal periods?

A 
Pre-embryonic period (1-2 weeks)
Embryonic period (3-8 week)
Fetal period (9-38 weeks)
48
Q

What does blast mean?

A

Build

49
Q

Cleavage means…

A

Cells multiply

50
Q

What happens in the pre embyronic period?

A
  1. Secondary oocyte
  2. Fertilization of egg with sperm
  3. Zygote starts to travel down fallopean tube
  4. Cleavage- 2 cell stage, 4 cell stage cell, 8 cell stage, and then ends with morula- in uterus now
  5. Blastocyst traveling to wall of uterus
  6. Trophoblast (wall) of Blastocyst implants onto uterus with embryoblast (cells) inside blastocyst
51
Q

Outer wall of blastocyst is called?

What does it become?

A

Trophoblast
Divides into two layers, cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, and then becomes the fetal half of placenta
(forms chorion and later the placenta)

52
Q

The cells inside the blastocyst is called the? What does it become?

A

Embryoblast or Inner Cell Mass (ICM)

Divides into two layers/bilaminar disk, the epiblast and hypoblast. Epiblast becomes the embryo and amnion.

53
Q

How many babies in the U.S are born with a birth defect?

A

Three in one hundred born with serious structural defect

54
Q

What is the process and result of gastrulation?

A

Process- the cells of the epiblast migrate and form the three primary germ layers.

~Bilamaner disk forms
~Primitive streak occurs
~Cells fall through the streak to fill up below- forming three layers
~Result: formation of ectoderm (from epiblast), endoderm (from hypoblast), and mesoderm cells (middle layer)
~Embryo created

55
Q

What are the three primary germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

56
Q

What is the derivative of the ectoderm?

A

Skin and nervous tissue

57
Q

What is the derivative of the endoderm?

A

Digestive and respiratory system

58
Q

What is the derivative of the mesoderm?

A

Heart, muscle tissue, kidney, reproductive organs, and connective tissue

59
Q

Describe transverse folding

A

Baby folds completely into a circle-> forms a tube

Goes from flat to a circle

60
Q

Describe cephalocaudal folding

A

Baby folds partially-> head and feet come close together

61
Q

What are the steps in neuralation? What layer goes through the process?

A

Neural plate forms
Neural groove forms
Neural tube forms from groove folding into a circle

Folding occurs in ectoderm layer

62
Q

What occurs during organogenesis?

A

Organ development follows gastrulation and body folding
Upper and lower limbs form
Rudimentary organ systems have developed by week 8
Embryo is approximately 1 inch long by week 8

63
Q

What occurs during the fetal period?

A

Growth and maturation of existing organs

64
Q

What is pre mature birth? How early can a baby be born and survive.

A

Any birth before 38 weeks

22 weeks

65
Q

What are the primary causes for birth defects? State of the Prevalence of birth defects? What is a Teratogen?

A

50% of birth defect causes are Unknown

Chromosomal (10%)
Monogenic (8%)
Major environmental (7%)
Multiple factors (25 %)

Teratogen- anything that causes a birth defect

66
Q

Embryonic Period Overview (week 3-8)

A 
Primitive streak forms
gastrulation
body folding
neurulation
limb buds form
organogenesis
67
Q

Fetal Period Overview (week 9-38)

A

Growth and maturation of existing organs
premature birth (any before week 38)
Infants can survive as early as week 22 (week 30 without life saving measures)

Anatomy (9 decks)

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