Human Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(296 cards)
1
Q
What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
A
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and maintaining the pH of blood.
2
Q
The larynx is also called the ____.
A
Voice box
3
Q
What 3 things happen to air by the mucus and hair in the nasal cavity?
A
It is warmed, humidified, and filtered.
4
Q
What 2 main tubes lead from the trachea to the lungs?
A
The bronchi
5
Q
What area is the junction to where food goes down the esophagus and air goes down the larynx?
A
The pharynx
6
Q
What prevents food from entering in the trachea?
A
The epiglottis
7
Q
The ____ are smaller tubes that branch off of the bronchi and lead to the ____.
A
Bronchioles, alveoli.
8
Q
Where does gas exchange primarily take place?
A
In the alveolus
9
Q
What is the alveoli?
A
Lots of tiny air sacs of the lungs.
10
Q
How many sections is the right lung divided into?
A
3
11
Q
How many sections is the left lung divided into?
A
2
12
Q
When you inhale, what happens to your diaphragm? What happens to the volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity.
A
The diaphragm contracts and moves downward. This increases the volume in the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure.
13
Q
When you exhale, what happens to your diaphragm? What happens to the volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity?
A
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward. This decreases the volume in the thoracic cavity and increases the pressure.
14
Q
What is ventilation? What is it also known as?
A
It is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs. Also known as breathing.
15
Q
What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
A
It transports air from the outside environment to the site of the gas exchange.
16
Q
What is the conducting zone commonly referred as? Why?
A
Anatomical dead space since no gas exchange occurs in this area.
17
Q
What parts of the respiratory system are in the conducting zone?
A
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and bronchioles
18
Q
What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
A
Structures in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
19
Q
What parts of the respiratory system are in the respiratory zone?
A
Respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli
20
Q
Which muscles aid in breathing?
A
Intercostal muscles, diaphragm, and abdominal muscles.
21
Q
Substances that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions are ____.
A
Acids
22
Q
Substances with decreased concentrations of hydrogen ions are ____.
A
Basic
23
Q
Carbon dioxide is an ____ gas.
A
Acidic
24
Q
What is inspiration?
A
Air drawn into the lungs.
25
What is expiration?
Air pushed out from the lungs.
26
During inspiration, ____ muscles and ____ muscles contract.
Diaphragm, external intercostal
27
During expiration, ____ muscles and ____ muscles relax.
Diaphragm, external intercostal
28
What is perfusion?
Delivering blood to the body’s tissues, organs, and cells.
29
What is hyperventilation?
Fast breathing
30
What is hypoventilation?
Slow breathing
31
What is an increase in carbon dioxide called? What about decrease?
Hypercapnia. Hypocapnia
32
What is an increase in oxygen called? What about decrease?
Hyperoxia. Hypoxia
33
What is blood composed of?
Plasma, RBCs, cells and platelets.
34
How many chambers does the heart does?
4
35
What organ pumps blood throughout the body?
The heart
36
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
The left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle.
37
Atria have ____ walls and ventricles have ____ walls.
Thin, thick
38
What is the septum of the heart?
It’s the wall that separates the left and right chambers.
39
What does the interatrial septum consist of?
Fossa ovalis and the limbus of the fossa ovalis
40
What does the interatrial septum separate?
The left and right atria
41
What does the interventricular septum consist of?
A membranous and muscular portion.
42
What does the interventricular septum separate?
The right and left ventricles
43
What is the function of the septum of the heart?
It separates oxygen-rich blood from oxygens poor blood between the chambers.
44
What carries blood throughout the body?
Blood vessels
45
What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
46
What blood vessels carry oxygenated blood?
Arteries
47
What blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood?
Veins
48
Arteries carry blood ____ from the heart.
Away
49
Veins carry blood ____ to the heart.
Back
50
What do capillaries connect?
They connect arteries and veins.
51
What does blood transport?
Oxygen, nutrients to cells, carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells.
52
Where does the exchange of nutrients to the cells and wastes from the cells occur?
In the capillaries
53
What prevents blood from flowing backwards in the heart?
Heart valves
54
What vena cava collects blood from the lower half of the body?
Inferior vena cava
55
What vena cava collects blood from the upper half of the body?
Superior vena cava
56
What arteries delivers nutrients and oxygen to the heart?
Coronary arteries
57
What are the 2 cycles of contractions of the cardiac cycle called?
Systole and diastole
58
What is systole?
Contraction of the heart
59
During systole, where is blood flowing?
Blood is being pumped out of the heart and into the arteries.
60
Systole makes what sound of the heartbeat?
“lubb” sound
61
What causes the “lubb” sound of the heartbeat?
The mitral valve and tricuspid valve closing.
62
What is diastole?
Relaxation of the heart.
63
During diastole, where is blood flowing?
Into the heart and filling the chamber.
64
Diastole makes what sound of the heartbeat?
“Dub” sound
65
What causes the “dub” sound?
The closing of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve.
66
What is another name for the aortic and pulmonary valves?
Semilunar valves
67
What are the 5 parts of the heart’s electrical system?
o Sinoatrial node
o Atrioventricular node
o Bundle of His
o Left and right bundle branch
o Purkinje fibers
68
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
The sinoatrial node.
69
The sinoatrial node beats ____ to ____ bmp.
60 to 100
70
Where is the sinoatrial node located?
In the upper right atrium
71
If the sinoatrial node were to give up, what would be the next pacemaker of the heart?
The atrioventricular node
72
What is the secondary pacemaker of the heart?
Atrioventricular node
73
Where is the atrioventricular node located?
In the wall of the posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum.
74
The atrioventricular node beats ____ to ____ bmp.
40 to 60
75
If the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node were to give up, what is the last-ditch pacemaker of the heart?
The Purkinje fibers
76
Where are the Purkinje fibers located?
Along the ventricular walls
77
The Purkinje fibers beat at ____ to ____ bmp.
20 to 40
78
The bundle of His branches off into the ____ and the _____.
Right bundle branch, left bundle branch
79
What are the 3 parts of an ECG ____?
P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.
80
Depolarization = ____
Contraction
81
Repolarization = ____
Relaxation
82
What is the P wave of an ECG?
Atrial contraction/atrial depolarization
83
What is the QRS complex of an ECG?
Ventricular contraction/ventricular depolarization
84
What is the T wave of an ECG?
Ventricular relaxation/ventricular repolarization.
85
What is the flat, straight line on an ECG called?
The isoelectric line
86
How does blood flow through the cardiovascular system?
o Deoxygenated blood > veins > right atrium > right ventricle > lungs
o Oxygenated blood > lungs > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta > body
87
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
o Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and removes carbon dioxide and waste.
o Maintains body’s blood pressure.
o Regulates body temperature.
o Maintaining the body’s pH.
o Transports hormones
o Fights infections
o Aids in digestion
o Assists in repairing damaged tissues
88
What is blood pressure?
The force of the blood against the wall of the arteries.
89
What do blood vessels do when the body temperature rises?
The blood vessels dilate (widen) to allow the heat to escape. Sweat is produced to cool the body off.
90
What do blood vessels do when the body temperature drop?
The blood vessels constrict (narrow) which prevents heat from escaping the body.
91
What within the blood maintains the body’s pH?
A bicarbonate buffer system
92
How does the bicarbonate buffer system maintain the body’s pH?
It maintains acid by removing excess hydrogen ions from the blood.
93
What is the GI tract?
A long continuous tube that starts with the mouth and ends with the anus.
94
What is mechanical digestion?
Chewing; the physical breakdown of food.
95
What is chemical digestion?
Enzymes break down nutrients into smaller molecules.
96
____ and ____ lubricate the food and enzymes with things like ____ and ____. This initiates the ____ digestion of ____ and ____.
Mucus, saliva, amylase, lipase. Chemical, lipids and starches.
97
What is peristalsis?
The involuntary contraction of muscles, creating wave like movements to push contents down the canal.
98
What is chyme?
Pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach into the small intestine.
99
What is the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into polypeptides?
Pepsin
100
What separates the esophagus from the stomach?
The lower esophageal sphincter
101
What separates the stomach from the small intestine?
The pyloric sphincter
102
What is digestion?
The process of breaking down food by mechanical and chemical processes.
103
Where is the main site of digestion and absorption?
The small intestine
104
What is the small intestine composed of?
The jejunum, duodenum, and ilium.
105
What is the function of the duodenum?
o Chemical digestion of chyme
o Breaks down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
o Absorbs iron and other minerals.
106
What is the function of jejunum?
Absorption of nutrients (carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into the bloodstream).
107
What is the function of the ileum?
Absorption of nutrients (vitamin B12, bile salts, and products of digestion are absorbed).
108
What are tiny hair-like projections that line the intestines and help with absorption in the bloodstream called?
Villi
109
The small intestine is ____ and has a series of ____ that increases the surface are for ____.
Coiled, foldings, absorption.
110
What is the large intestine composed of?
The cecum, colon, and rectum.
111
What are the 3 parts of the colon of the large intestine?
Ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon.
112
What does the large intestine absorb?
Water, electrolytes, and vitamins produced by the enteric bacteria
113
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
114
What are the enzymes and hormones of the digestive system?
Gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, insulin, glucagon, and bile.
115
Where is the hormone gastrin produced and what does it do?
Produced in the stomach and it stimulates stomach acid.
116
Where is the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) produced and what does it do?
Produced in the small intestine and stimulates the release of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver.
117
Where is the hormone secretin produced and what does it do?
Produced in the small intestine and stimulates the production of bicarbonate by the pancreas.
118
Where is the hormone insulin produced and what does it do?
Produced in the pancreas and regulates blood sugar levels.
119
Where is the hormone glucagon produced and what does it do?
Produced in the pancreas and helps to release glucose from the liver.
120
Where is bile produced, where is it stored, and what does it do?
Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps break down fat in the small intestine.
121
What 2 parts is the nervous system divided into?
The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
122
What is the central nervous system composed of?
The brain and the spinal cord.
123
What is the function of the central nervous system?
This is the central command center where all communication and actions occur in the body.
124
What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?
The nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and innervate the body.
125
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
It sends the signals by the brain to targeted locations.
126
What are the 3 parts of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrites, and axon.
127
What does the cell body of a neuron contain?
The nucleus and organelles.
128
What are the dendrites of a neuron?
Short, branch-like extensions that generate electrical impulses.
129
What is the function of an axon of a neuron?
It transmits signals to other neurons.
130
At the end of the axon is the ____ that release ____ called the ____.
Terminal buttons, neurotransmitters, axon terminal.
131
What is the myelin sheath? What is its function?
The white fatty substance that covers the axon. It helps the axon increase its speed of nerve impulses.
132
What are synapses? This is where cells _____ with each other.
The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. Communicate
133
What cells in the nervous system hold nerve cells in place?
Glial cells
134
What are the 2 types of neurons?
Sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons.
135
What is the function of sensory neurons?
They send messages to the central nervous system.
136
What is the function of motor neurons?
They send messages to the muscles.
137
The peripheral nervous system is divided into what 2 systems?
The autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
138
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Involuntary actions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.
139
What is the somatic nervous system?
Voluntary actions such as movement of the limbs.
140
The autonomic nervous system is divided into what?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
141
The sympathetic NS is referred to as the ____ system.
Fight or flight
142
The parasympathetic NS is referred to as the ____ system.
Rest and digest
143
What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
144
What is the only voluntary tissue in the body?
Skeletal muscle
145
What is skeletal muscle located and what is it responsible for?
It’s attached to bones and responsible for movement.
146
Skeletal muscles have ____ and ____ nuclei per fiber.
Striations, multiple
147
Where are skeletal muscles found?
Tongue, diaphragm, and upper esophagus.
148
Where is cardiac muscle found and what does it do?
Found in the heart and pumps blood throughout the body.
149
Cardiac muscles have ____, ____ nucleus per fiber, and ____.
Striations, one, intercalated discs.
150
Where is smooth muscle found?
Found in organ and vessel walls such as stomach, intestines, arteries and veins, bladder, and eyes.
151
Each smooth muscle fiber has a ____ shape and ____ nucleus per fiber.
Spindle, 1
152
What muscle tissues are striated, and which are not striated?
Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated. Smooth muscle is not striated.
153
What are the weakest muscle tissues?
Smooth muscle
154
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Responsible for movement of the body.
155
What is the path of a nerve signal to the muscle?
Originates in the brain > spinal cord > axon > muscle nerve > muscle fiber.
156
All muscle fibers exhibit what 4 things?
Extensibility, elasticity. excitability, and contractibility.
157
What is actin (thin filaments)?
Protein that forms the contractile filaments of muscle cells.
158
What is myosin (thick filaments)?
Fibrous globulin of muscles that can split ATP and react to actin in muscle contraction.
159
What is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber?
Sarcomere
160
What is the sliding filament model?
The process used by muscles to contract. Muscle contraction occurs when actin slide past myosin within a muscle fiber, causing the sarcomere to shorten and generate muscle force.
161
Thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments do not shorten, they ____.
Slide
162
What are the parts of male reproductive system?
Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis.
163
What are gonads?
Testes and ovaries
164
What are gametes?
Sperm and eggs
165
Sperm + egg = fertilization which makes a ____.
Zygote
166
What are the testes and their function?
A pair of oval-shaped organs that produce sperm and testosterone.
167
What is the epididymis and its function?
A long, coiled tube that stores and transports sperm.
168
What is the vas deferens and its function?
A long, thin tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles.
169
What is the prostate gland and its function?
A small, round organ that produces a fluid that helps to transport the sperm.
170
What is the penis and its function?
A long, cylindrical organ that carries urine and sperm out of the body.
171
What are the parts of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.
172
What is oogenesis?
The process of female gamete formation.
173
What are the ovaries and their function?
A pair of small, oval-shaped organs that produce eggs and hormones.
174
What are the fallopian tubes and their function?
A pair of long, thin tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
175
What is the uterus and its function?
A pear-shaped organ that houses and protects a developing fetus.
176
What is the vagina and its function?
A long, cylindrical organ that carries blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus during a woman’s period; provides a passageway for intercourse and sperm until it is distributed to the uterus; and also allows passage for vaginal childbirth.
177
What is the vulva and its function?
The external female genitalia that includes the labia, clitoris, and urethra.
178
Where is gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced?
In the hypothalamus
179
What does gonadotropin-releasing hormone do?
Stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland.
180
What does the follicle-stimulating hormone do?
It helps to stimulate the growth of eggs in the ovaries and control the menstrual cycle.
181
What does the luteinizing hormone do?
It helps trigger ovulation, which is the release of an egg from the ovary.
182
What produces testosterone?
The testes
183
What does testosterone do?
It helps produce sperm and develop male characteristics.
184
What produces estrogen?
The ovaries
185
What does estrogen do?
It helps to develop female characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle.
186
What does progesterone do?
Creates healthy uterine lining for menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
187
What hormone stimulates milk production in mammary glands?
Prolactin (PRL)
188
What stimulates the formation of ova and sperm?
The follicle-stimulating hormone.
189
What hormone stimulates ovulation in females and androgen in men?
Luteinizing hormone
190
What does androgen in men do? What is an example of an androgen?
It develops male sexual reproduction and characteristics. Testosterone.
191
Where is oxytocin produced? What gland secretes it?
In the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary.
192
What causes increased contractions of the uterus during labor and stimulates ejection of milk into the ducts of the breast?
Oxytocin
193
What does the integumentary system consist of?
Hair, nails, skin, and sweat glands.
194
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Pneumonic: Come Let’s Get Sun Burned
195
What layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes?
Stratum basale
196
What 4 things can you find in the dermis?
Blood vessels, sweat glands, nerves, and hair follicles.
197
What 2 layers is the dermis divided into?
The papillary layer and reticular layer.
198
What layer of the skin connects the skin to bone and muscle?
The hypodermis
199
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, excretion, and sensation.
200
What is the protection function of the integumentary system?
The skin protects the body from harmful substances, UV rays, and excessive water loss by creating a barrier from outside pathogens.
201
What is excretion function of the integumentary system?
The sweat glands help to regulate body temperature by producing sweat that evaporates and cools the body. Sweat contains trace amounts of lactic acid, urea, and alcohol.
202
What is the sensation function of the integumentary system?
The skin is packed with nerve endings that allow us to feel touch, pressure, heat, and cold.
203
What do melanocytes do?
Melanocytes produce melanin that help protect against ultraviolet radiation.
204
What is the largest organ of the body?
The skin
205
What are the 3 layers of the skin?
The epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
206
What is the outermost layer of the skin?
The epidermis
207
What is the function of the epidermis?
It provides a waterproof barrier and protects the body from infection.
208
What is the middle layer of the skin?
The dermis
209
What does the dermis contain?
Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
210
What is the innermost layer of the skin?
The hypodermis also referred to as the subcutaneous.
211
What does the hypodermis/subcutaneous consist of?
Fat and connective tissue.
212
What is the main difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands release hormones into their surroundings; they don’t have any special ducts. Whereas exocrine glands release their substances through a duct or opening of the body.
213
What are 2 examples of exocrine glands?
Mammary glands and sweat glands
214
What is the master gland of the endocrine system?
The pituitary gland
215
What gland produces growth hormone, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic?
The pituitary gland
216
What gland produces thyroxine and calcitonin?
The thyroid gland
217
What does the thyroid gland do?
Helps to regulate metabolism, while calcitonin helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood.
218
What gland produces the parathyroid hormone?
The parathyroid gland
219
What does the parathyroid hormone do?
It helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood.
220
What gland produces thymosin?
The thymus gland
221
What does thymosin do?
It helps to develop the immune system.
222
What gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?
The adrenal gland
223
What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
They help to regulate the fight-or-flight response.
224
The pancreas produces insulin and ____, which help to regulate blood sugar levels.
Glucagon
225
The ovaries produce estrogen and ____, which help to regulate the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone.
226
What are the 3 types of hormones?
Lipid-based hormones, nonpolar fat-soluble hormones, and water-soluble hormones.
227
What are lipid-based hormones made out of?
Cholesterol
228
What are lipid-based hormones? What are 2 examples?
These hormones are insoluble n water and are transported in the blood by carrier proteins. Testosterone and estrogen.
229
What are nonpolar fat-soluble hormones made of?
Amino acids
230
What are nonpolar fat-soluble hormones? What is 1 example?
These hormones are insoluble in water and are transported in the blood by carrier proteins. Thyroid hormones
231
What are water-soluble hormones made of?
Amino acids
232
What are water-soluble hormones? What is 1 example?
These hormones are soluble in water and are transported in the blood by diffusion.
233
What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?
Regulates the body’s water balance by signaling the kidneys to reabsorb more water from urine.
234
What gland secretes melatonin?
The pineal gland
235
What gland secretes thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin?
Thyroid gland
236
What hormone increases blood calcium?
Parathyroid hormone
237
What is positive feedback mechanism? What is an example?
A process that amplifies the change in a given direction. Childbirth is an example.
238
What do kidneys do?
Filter blood and produce urine.
239
What is negative feedback mechanism? What is an example?
A process that reverses the change or slows it down. See-saw effect. The release of insulin in the response to high blood sugar levels is an example.
240
What is the renal cortex?
The outer layer of the kidney that contains the renal pyramids and blood vessels.
241
Erythropoietin is stimulated in the production of new ____.
Red blood cells
242
What is the renal medulla? What does it do?
The inner later of the kidney that help to concentrate urine.
243
What are the ureters? What do they do?
A pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
244
What is the bladder? What does it do?
It’s a sac that stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.
245
What is the urethra? What does it do?
A tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
246
What is the immune system divided into?
The innate defense system and the adaptive defense system.
247
What is the first line of defense against infections?
The innate defense system
248
What is the second line of defense of against infections?
The adaptive defense system
249
What are 4 parts of the innate defense system?
Skin, mucous membrane, enzymes, and stomach acid.
250
What is one of the first response of the immune system called? What is it?
Inflammatory response. This is when blood vessels dilate, and white blood cells and fluids are sent to the area of infection.
251
What destroys unknown bacteria?
Phagocytes
252
What type of white blood cell that remember a specific foreign invader and help the body to respond more quickly if that invader were to enter the body again?
Memory T-cells
253
What are 3 parts of the adaptive defense system?
Lymphatic system, white blood cells, and antibodies.
254
What are antigens?
Foreign invaders that the body has been exposed to.
255
What are antigen-presenting cells?
A type of white blood cell that engulfs the foreign invader and present the antigen on its surface.
256
What are helper T cells?
A type of white blood cell that helps to active the other cells of the immune system. The helper T cells induce B cells to secrete a large number of antibodies to bind to the antigen.
257
What are cytotoxic T cells?
A type of white blood cell that destroys infected cells.
258
What are cytokines?
Chemicals that help to regulate the immune response and active cytotoxic T cells.
259
What are antibodies?
Proteins that attach to antigens and help to destroy them.
260
What is passive immunity?
When the body is exposed to antibodies that have been made by another individual, such as when a mother passes antibodies to her child through breast milk.
261
What is active immunity?
When the body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection.
262
Which is usually longer lasting, passive immunity or active immunity?
Active immunity
263
What connects bone to bone?
Joints
264
What hold the bones together at the joints?
Ligaments
265
What are the 4 major types of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
266
What part of the body are long bones found?
The arms and legs
267
What are examples of long bones?
Humerus, femur, ulna radius, tibia, and fibula.
268
What are the enlarged ends of long bones called?
Epiphysis. (proximal and distal ends)
269
What is the shaft of the long bone called?
Diaphysis
270
Where are short bones found?
In the wrists and ankles.
271
What are examples of short bones?
Bones of the carpals and tarsals.
272
Short bones are approx. ____ in length and width.
Equal
273
Where are flat bones found?
In the ribs, sternum, shoulder blades, and hip bones.
274
Flat bones are ____ and often ____.
Thin, curved
275
Where are irregular bones found?
In the spine.
276
What is an example of irregular bones?
The vertebrae
277
Irregular bones have a variety of ____ and are not ____.
Shapes, symmetrical
278
What is compact bone?
The hard outer layer of bone that provides protection and support.
279
Where is compact bone found?
It makes up the shaft of long bones and the flat surfaces of other bones.
280
What is spongy bone?
A porous, lightweight bone.
281
Where is spongy bone found?
At the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae.
282
What is cancellous bone?
A type of spongy bone that contains many small cavities.
283
What is trabecular bone?
A type of spongy bone that has a honeycomb-like structure.
284
Bone marrow is found in ____ bone.
Spongy
285
Red bone marrow contains ____ cells that produce RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
Hematopoietic
286
Yellow bone marrow contains ____ cells that produce fat, cartilage, and bone.
Mesenchymal stem
287
What cells are bone builders?
Osteoblasts
288
What are the primary cells in bone tissue and are essential in maintaining bone structure?
Osteocytes
289
What cells break down bone tissue and help with bone remodeling?
Osteoclasts
290
What are cells that form cartilage? They mature into ____.
Chondroblasts. Chondrocytes
291
What connects muscles to bones?
Tendons
292
What ion plays a crucial role in the depolarization phase of an action potential?
Sodium
293
The hormone insulin is produced by which cell in the pancreas?
Beta cells
294
The pericardium is a double-layered sac that contains the heart and the roots of the ____.
The great vessels
295
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for voluntary motor control?
Frontal lobe
296
The semicircular circles, found in the inner ear, are primarily responsible for what?
Balance and spatial orientation
