Human Anatomy Quiz 3 (chapter 7)

Question 1

Adduction

Answer 1

movement of a body part within a frontal plane. Limbs, digits, and hands can be adducted/abducted, and reference is made to the joint at which motion occurred.

Question 2

Articular disc

Answer 2

a fibrocartilaginous structure that occures within a few synovial joints. The 2 “articular discs” in each knee joint are called articular menisci.

Question 3

Cartilaginous joint

Answer 3

a joint in which cartilage unites the skeletal structures. In some cortilaginous joints (synchondroses), hyaline cartilage serves as the uniting material and in others the uniting material is fibrocartilage (symphyses).

Question 4

Composite joints

Answer 4

a joint with three or more skeletal components. Composite joints include the carpal, tarsal, and cubital joints.

Question 5

Flexion

Answer 5

movement of joint components such that the flexor angle decreases in size (or the extensor angle increases in size). The flexor/extensor surfaces of all joints are defined.

Question 6

Gomphosis (dentoalveolar joint)

Answer 6

a fibrous joint between the root(s) of a tooth and the dental alveolus in which it is embedded. The fibrous connective tissue connecting the bone and tooth is called periodontium or periodontal ligament (“periodontal membrane”)

Question 7

Intervertebral discs

Answer 7

the fibrocartilaginous structures located at the intervertebral symphyses. The gelatinous center of an i.v. disc (nucleus pulposus) is sometimes forced through the outer part (anulus fibrosus) resulting in pressue on the spinal cord or roots of a spinal nerve.

Question 8

Joint (articular) capsule

Answer 8

the connective tissue capsule that surrounds a synovial joint cavity. It has a fibrous connective tissue outer layer and a synovial membrane lining.

Question 9

Joint (articular) cavity

Answer 9

the space inside an articular capsule of a synovial joint. In some composite joints, this space is common to several or all compartments of that joint.

Question 10

Joint (articulation)

Answer 10

the structure formed by the junction or two or more bones, cartilages, or teeth. Joints are classified as simple or composite (based on the number of participating conponents) and as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial (based on the type of uniting tissue and the presence of a fluid-filled cavity).

Question 11

Ligament

Answer 11

a bond (cord) of c.t. proper that stabilizes the skeletal structures in synovial joints. A ligament can be extracapsular, capsular, or intracapsular and a given joint can have more than one type.

Question 12

Luxation (dislocation)

Answer 12

a malalignment of the skeletal components as a joint. Usually traumatic in origin, luxation typically involve significant ligamentous and joint capsule damage.

Question 13

Simple joint

Answer 13

a joint with only 2 skeletal components (bone to bone, bone to cartilage, cartilage to cartilage, bone to tooth).

Question 14

Suture

Answer 14

a fibrous joint between flat bones of the skull. 33 sutures are named and most of them are zygomorphic.

Question 15

Symphysis

Answer 15

a fibrocartilage joint. In the intervertebral symphyses, the bones are united by fibrocartilaginous structures called intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis is stabilized by the interpubic disc.

Question 16

Synarthrosis

Answer 16

a joint stabilized by fibrous connective tissue and lacking a cavity (i.e., a fibrous joint). The three subtypes of synarthroses are sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses..

Question 17

Synchondrosis

Answer 17

a gyaline cartilage joint. Synchondroses include the costochondral joints, some of the joints in the base of the neurocranium and the joints formed by the epiphyseal cartilages in growing bones.

Question 18

Syndesmosis

Answer 18

a fibrous joint between the radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, or stapes and semporal bone. The connective tissue joining the bones in the radio-ulnar syndesmosis is called the antebrachial interosseous membrane, and that in the tibiofibular sydesmosis is called the crural interosseous membrane.

Question 19

Synostosis

Answer 19

a bony union. synostoses occure with normal maturation in many loci. can be iatrogenically induced, and in some cases are pathological.

Question 20

Synovial fluid

Answer 20

the lubricating and nourishing fluid secreted by the synoviocytes located in synovial membranes. Injury to a joint often induces hypersecretion of synovial fluid (“water on the knee.”)

Question 21

Synovial joint

Answer 21

and joint which has, as one of its features, a joint (articular) cavity containing synovial fluid. Synovial joints include most of those found in the limbs and many of the joints in the axial skeleton.

Question 22

define joint

Answer 22

Joint: articulations of the body that allow various degrees of movement.

Question 23

Classify joints into 2 categories based on the # of articulating skeletal components.

Answer 23

Simple joint (only 2 skeletal components)
Composite joint (3+ skeletal components)

Question 24

Classify joints into 3 categories based on the type and configuration of the intervening connective tissue.

Answer 24

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Question 25

State the functional roles of synovial fluid

Answer 25

To nourish and lubricate the articular cartilage.

Question 26

Define ligament as used in reference to joints and differentiate 3 types based on their positional relationship to the fibrous part of the joint capsule

Answer 26

Capsule ligament: fibrous connective tissue bands and cords extending from one skeletal component to the other.
Capsular ligaments - thickens the fibrous layer of the joint capsule
extracapsular joint - located on the outside of the fibrous capsule
intracapsular joint - located on the inside of the articular capsule.

Question 27

List the joint of the body that have intracapsular ligaments and the ones that contain menisci or articular discs.

Answer 27

intracapsular joints: Radiate ligament of the heads of the ribs, ligament of femoral head, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (knee joint), intercarpal ligaments, intertarsal ligaments.
Articular discs: Radiocarpal, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, temporomandibular joints.
Articular menisci: genual joint

Question 28

Explain why joint that contain menisci or articular discs are not considered to be fibrocartilaginous joint (since that is the material composing the menisci/discs).

Answer 28

The menisci/discs are found in joints that 1. have a articular cavity. 2. are found in joints that freely move.

Question 29

Explain why people are measurably shorter after sitting or standing for several hours.

Answer 29

the nucleus pulposus inside the anulus fibrosus of and intervertebral disc slowly compresses during periods of sitting or standing.

Question 30

Name the joints of the superior limb including the subdivisions of the elbow and carpal joints.

Answer 30

Joints of the pectoral girdle:
   Sternoclavicular jt.
   Acromioclavicular jt.
Joints of the free part of the superior limb:
   Shoulder jt.
   Elbow (cubital) jt.
      Humero-ulnar jt.
      Humeroradial jt.
      Proximal radio-ulnar jt.
   Radio-ulnar syndesmoses
   Distal radio-ulnar jt.
   Carpal jts.
      Radiocarpal jt.
      Intercarpal jts.
         Joint of the pisiform bone - pis/triq b.
         Middle carpal jt.- Prox/dis row carp b
      Carpometacarpal jts.
   Intermetacarpal jts.
   Metacarpophalangeal jts.
   Interphalangeal jts.
      Proximal interphalangeal jts.
      Distal interphalangeal jts.
      Interphalangeal joint of the thumb

Question 31

Extension vs. Flexion

Answer 31

Extension: increase in the size of flexor angle
Flexion: decrease in the size of flexor angle

Question 32

dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion

Answer 32

Dorsiflexion: flexion of foot

Planar flexion: extension of foot

Question 33

Abduction vs. Adduction

Answer 33

Abduction: movement away from point of reference.
Adduction: Movement toward point of reference.

Question 34

Rotation

Answer 34

Movement of a body around a long axis

Question 35

Pronation vs. Supination

Answer 35

Pronation: turns the palms to posterior
Supination: turns manus back to anatomical position

Question 36

Inversion vs. Eversion

Answer 36

Inversion: medial border of the foot elevated
Eversion: Lateral border of the foot elevated

Question 37

Protraction vs. Retraction

Answer 37

Protraction: movement of whole limb anteriorly.
Retraction: movement of whole limb posteriorly.

Question 38

Circumduction

Answer 38

circular motion.

Question 39

Explain how bones, muscles, and joints interact to form lever systems for locomotion.

Answer 39

Bones, muscles, and joints interact as lever systems. The components for lever systems are the lever arm, fulcrum, applied force, and resistance. the fulcrum always occurs at the point of least movement or where the joint is.

Question 40

Compare the 3 kinds of levers in regard to relative positions of the applied force, fulcrum, and resistance on the lever arm, mechanical advantage, and relative motion (or speed) at the applied force vs the resistance.

Answer 40

1st class levers: r   f   af
   fulcrum closer to r = gain mechanical advantage.
   fulcrum closer to ap= lose in mechanical advantage.
2nd class lever: f   r   ap
   gain in mechanical advantage
3rd class lever: f   ap   r
   lose mechanical advantage

Lose mechanical advantage = more speed and magnitude of movement of lever arm R than at F (or vice versa)

Question 41

Define arthritis and its common subtypes

Answer 41

Arthritis: joint inflamation
Traumatic arthritis - physical damage
Degenerative arthritis - age-related
Infectious arthritis - invaded by bacteria
Rheumatoid arthritis - defects in metab. of c.t. (mostly in women)
Gouty arthritis - inflammation of joint from urate crystals (mostly in men)

Question 42

Define luxation and subluxation and explain the use of directonal terms that are often used to describe these conditions.

Answer 42

Luxation: dislocations of joints
Subluxation: skeletal components are partially out of alignment and articular surfaces remain in contact.

They are described using directional terms that refer to the relative position of the distal joint component in relation to the proximal joint component.

Question 43

Explain why pain or even paralysis can result from intervertebral disc disease.

Answer 43

the nucleus pulposus of a disc puts pressure on adjacent spinal nerves or directly on the spinal cord itself.

Question 44

Differentiate kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis

Answer 44

Kyphosis - hunch-backed posture of spine
Lordosis - exaggeration of the lumbar curvature.
Scoliosis - lateral curvature of the vertebral column.