Human Bio Assessment one. Flashcards
Memorize terms and execute them correctly. (104 cards)
1
Q
atoms + atoms =
A
molecules
2
Q
smallest functioning unit of an organism
A
cell
3
Q
organ
A
composed of several tissue types
4
Q
Organ system
A
group of organs that work together
for a common purpose
5
Q
Organism
A
collection of organ systems
6
Q
Species
A
a group of interbreeding organisms
7
Q
Population
A
the members of one species in a
particular area
8
Q
Community
A
interacting populations
9
Q
Ecosystem
A
community of populations interacting
with the physical environment
10
Q
Biosphere
A
all of the Earth’s ecosystems
11
Q
Energy
A
the capacity to do work
- eating provides energy
12
Q
Homeostasis
A
a constant internal environment
13
Q
blood pH
A
7.35-7.45
14
Q
Homeostasis would be impossible to maintain without
A
ability to respond to stimuli.
15
Q
reproducing
A
passing on genetic material
16
Q
growth
A
changes in size and/or number of cells
17
Q
development
A
all changes from fertilization to death
17
Q
Mutations
A
variations of genes
18
Q
neutrons
A
neutral/uncharged particles
19
Q
protons
A
positively charged
20
Q
electrons
A
negative charge
21
Q
compounds
A
molecules made up of different atoms
22
Q
Ionic bond
A
attraction between + and - ions
23
Q
Double covalent
A
share 2 pairs of electrons
24
Triple covalent
share 3 pairs of electrons
25
most abundant molecule
Water
26
polar molecule
when electrons are not shared evenly
27
Hydrogen bond
attraction between + hydrogen and - oxygen & nitrogen
28
are hydrogen bonds strong?
no, think of magnet.
29
great solvent
water
30
cohesion
water molecules cling through hydrogen bonds
31
adhesion
water molecules cling to surfaces
32
frozen water
less dense, causing water to expand
33
Acids
dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+)
34
Bases
take up hydrogen ions, releasing hydroxide ions (OH-)
35
buffer
changes/adjust pH to maintain homeostasis.
36
4 major organic molecules
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
37
monosaccharides
single sugar molecule
carbon back bone
38
glucose
most common and used as an immediate energy source in body.
39
disaccharides
made of 2 monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction
40
fiber
plant complex carbohydrate.
41
Triglycerides
one glycerol, 3 fatty acids
energy storage, insulation
42
fats
animal origin
solid @ room temp
43
oils
plant origin
liquid @ room temp
44
Fatty acids
-long chains of carbons and hydrogens
-16-18 carbons
-can be saturated or unsaturated
45
Saturated (tri)
-no double bond
-saturated w/ carbon
-solid @ room temp
46
unsaturated (tri)
-1+ double bond
-hydrogen "missing"
-liquid @ room temp
-bend in carbon chain
47
Trans fat
man made + bad for you
48
contributed to heart disease
trans fat
49
Phospolipids
one fatty acid is replaces by a polar phosphate group
50
Steroids
lipids made of 4 fused carbon rings
51
proteins support
nails, hair, skin
52
protein enzymes
speed up chemical reactions
53
protein transport
carry oxygen to different reactions
54
protein defense
bind to antigens and destroy
55
protein hormones
Chemical messenger
56
protein motion
allow parts of cell to move and muscles to contract
57
Amino Acids
-subunits of proteins
-r group gives unique properties
58
Denaturation
amino acids fold together under extreme heat or ph
59
Nucleic acid
-polymers of nucletides
-store information
-contains info for life (DNA)
-Chemical reactions (RNA)
60
DNA
-Store genetic information
-helix protects from damage
61
RNA
Message functions
62
adenine binds with
thymine
63
cytosine binds with
guanine
64
ATP
-High energy source
-sugar backbone
-held together by energy bond
65
when ATP is broken
releases energy that can be used in other chemical reactions.
65
Prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes)
Lack a nucleus.
* Include two groups of bacteria: eubacteria and
archaebacterial
65
Eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes)
* Have a nucleus.
* Include animals, plants, fungi, protists.
65
plasma membrane
surrounds the cell.
Made of a phospholipid bilayer that is selectively
permeable
66
selectively
permeable
regulates what enters and leaves the cell
67
cytoplasm
the semifluid substance inside the cell
68
Diffusion
the random movement of molecules
from a higher* concentration to a lower*
concentration
69
net
movement
high to low concentration.
70
Osmosis
diffusion of water molecules;
from high to low water concentration
71
Hypotonic
solutions have fewer solutes.
* Cells swell and can burst (lysis)
72
Hypertonic
solutions have more solutes.
* Cells shrink (crenation)
73
Facilitated transport
molecules moving across plasma membrane from higher to lower concentration.
74
passive transport
no energy
75
protein transport
are specific and only specific molecules.
76
active transport
transport from low to high concentration
77
pump
protein carrier
78
endocytosis
transports molecules or cells into cell via invagination of the plasma membrane to vesicle.
79
nucleus contains
DNA in the form of chromatin, and chromosomes when cell is dividing.
80
nuclear envelope
a double membrane around the nucleus
81
nuclear pores
holes in nuclear envelope. allows passage of substances in and out
82
ribosomes
Made of rRNA
sites of protein synthesis
83
mitochondrion
double membrane
convert energy in glucose into ATP
can fuse into each other.
84
Endomembrane System
compartmentalize the cell and transport substances through the cell.
85
cytockeleton
protein fibers that maintain the shape of the cell.
anchor and move organelles in cell
86
cytockeleton, 3 fibers
microtubules
intermediate filaments
actin filaments
87
microtubules
shape and movement
88
intermediate filaments
strength and cell anchoring
89
actin filaments
movement
90
cilia and flagella
-made of microtubules
-movement of materials along the plasma membrane or cellular movement
91
Extracellular matrix
-A protective mesh of proteins and polysaccharides.
-Surrounds the cell that produces it.
-Contains collagen, which resists stretching, and elastin, which provides resilience.
92
Adhesion junctions
attach cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
93
Tight junctions
produce a barrier
94
Gap junctions
two channels fuse, allowing
communication between the cells
95
Feedback inhibition
when an end product
interacts with an enzyme early on
95
Metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur in the body
95
Metabolic pathways
- begin with particular reactant and end with final product
-each step is a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme
- converted into products, they become products for next reaction.
96
enzymes in metabolism
help reactions to produce at an efficient rate.
97
enzymes
speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
98
Active site
area of the enzyme where the substrate binds
