Human Biology Lab Exam II

Question 1

Mary’s father does not have freckles but Mary does. What genotype could Mary’s mother have?

Answer 1

FF or Ff

Question 2

What is the genotype of a man who has unattached earlobes but whose mother has attached earlobes?

Answer 2

Aa

Question 3

A cross gives a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. What are the genotypes of the parents?

Answer 3

heterozygous x heterozygous

Question 4

What does a geneticist construct to show the inheritance pattern of a genetic disorder within a family?

Answer 4

Pedigree Chart

Question 5

The alleles of which parent, regardless of phenotype, determine color blindness in a son?

Answer 5

Mother

Question 6

If only males are affected in a pedigree chart, what is likely inheritance pattern for the trait?

Answer 6

Sex-linked

Question 7

which cross gives the better chance of an offspring with the recessive phenotype? Aa x Aa or Aa x aa?

Answer 7

Aa x Aa = 3:1 = 25%

Aa x aa = 1:1 = 50%

Question 8

Mary has a widow’s peak but her sister has a smooth hairline. Is either one of Mary’s parents homozygous dominant or recessive?

Answer 8

Recessive

Question 9

Both parents have attached earlobes (recessive). What percentage of children will have unattached earlobes?

Answer 9

0%

Question 10

If only your mother had Huntington disease (dominant) what are your chances of escaping the disorder which develops later in life?

Answer 10

HH = 0%
Hh = 50%

Question 11

A woman is a carrier for hemophilia. What are the chances for sons with hemophilia if the father has hemophilia? What if the father does not have hemophilia?

Answer 11

XHXh - 50%

50%

Question 12

If the parents are not affected and a child is affected, what is the inheritance pattern?

Answer 12

heterozygous x heterozygous

Question 13

The parents are homozygous recessive for freckles. What are the chances the children will have freckles? (Freckles are a dominant trait)

Answer 13

0%

Question 14

A man has Huntington disease. He cannot assume his mother passed him the gene. Why not?

Answer 14

NOT a sex-linked disease

Question 15

A boy is a hemophilic but his mother is not. What is her genotype?

Answer 15

XHXh

Question 16

The trait is autosomal recessive and the results of a cross are 1:1. Using A =dominant and a=recessive, give the genotype of the parents.

Answer 16

Aa x aa = 1:1

Question 17

Give the genotype of a girl that is a hemophiliac (recessive)

Answer 17

XhXh

Question 18

What would be the genotype of a man who is homozygous dominant for widow’s peak and is color blind?

Answer 18

WWXcbY

Question 19

The DNA structure resembles a twisted ladder. What molecules make up the sides of the ladder? What makes up the rungs of the ladder?

Answer 19

Sides = glucose and phosphate

Rungs - ATCG bases

Question 20

Do the two DNA double helixes following DNA replication have the same or different composition?

Answer 20

SAME - Mitosis = identical

Question 21

If the codons are AUG, CGC, and UAC what are the anticodons?

Answer 21

UAC GCG AUG

Question 22

During transcription, what type of RNA is formed that carries the codons?

Answer 22

MRNA

Question 23

In what part of the cell does translation occur?

Answer 23

Cytoplasm

Question 24

During translation, what type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes?

Answer 24

tRNA

Question 25

What role does mRNA play in transcription and translation?

Answer 25

Transcription = copy of DNA | Translation - Directs Protein Synthesis

Question 26

Explain the manner in which gel electrophoresis identifies a person with sickle-cell disease.

Answer 26

PCR amplified Cut DNA Put in agrose gel Separate and creates DNA Fingerprinting

Question 27

Bases of template DNA strand TAC CCC GAG CTT 1. Identify the sequence of bases in the mRNA 2. Identify the sequence of bases in the tRNA anticodon

Answer 27

1. AUG GGG CUC GAA | 2. UAC CCC GAG GUU

Question 28

What is the location of the mammary papillae?

Answer 28

Ventral

Question 29

Is the head anterior or posterior to the trunk?

Answer 29

Anterior

Question 30

Is the umbilical cord connected medially or laterally?

Answer 30

Medially

Question 31

Name the main organ medial to the lungs

Answer 31

Heart

Question 32

What main organs are located in the thorax?

Answer 32

Heart Lungs Diaphragm

Question 33

Other than by scrotum, tell how to sex the pig by its external anatomy.

Answer 33

Female - genital papilla near anus | Male - urogenital orifice directly below umbilical cord

Question 34

Round gland located ventral to the trachea and posterior to the larynx.

Answer 34

Thyroid Gland

Question 35

Where in general would one look to find the epiglottis and the pharynx?

Answer 35

Back of Mouth

Question 36

The caecum lies at the junction of which two digestive organs?

Answer 36

small and large intestines

Question 37

What sac-like organ is found in the posterior part of the right lobe of the liver?

Answer 37

Gall bladder

Question 38

True or False | Both sexes have mammary papillae

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What are the appendages of the pig?

Answer 39

Legs

Question 40

How can you distinguish the large from the small intestine?

Answer 40

Small intestine - long coiled tube | Large Intestine - tighter near posterior end

Question 41

How can one distinguish the trachea visually?

Answer 41

ribbed tube cartilage rings surround it

Question 42

Where is the diaphragm located?

Answer 42

Under lungs, above liver | Thorax

Question 43

What organ lies in the connective tissue between the stomach and the first part of the small intestines?

Answer 43

Pancreas

Question 44

What are the external nares?

Answer 44

Nostrils

Question 45

3 Reasons for dissection of Fetal Pig

Answer 45

Correct size Reasonable price Learn basic shape and appearance of the organs of adult mammal including our own anatomy.

Question 46

Difference arteries and veins in pig

Answer 46

Arteries - red | Veins - blue

Question 47

Four main chambers of the heart, noting which two are posterior and more muscular.

Answer 47

``` L Atrium R Atrium Posterior and more muscular are L Ventricle R Ventricle ```

Question 48

Two main veins that carry blood to the right side of the heart?

Answer 48

Anterior Vena Cava | Posterior Vena Cava

Question 49

Renal =

Answer 49

Kidney

Question 50

Subclavian =

Answer 50

Front legs

Question 51

Pulmonary =

Answer 51

Lungs

Question 52

Arteries lateral to the trachea that carry blood to the head.

Answer 52

Carotid

Question 53

Body system works in conjuction with the circulatory system to return excess fluid from tissues to the bloodstream and defends body against disease.

Answer 53

Lymphatic

Question 54

Anterior and Posterior Vena Cava in humans. Why do these names replace those in the pig?

Answer 54

Superior and Inferior | We Stand Upright

Question 55

2 Main organs of the urinary system? Roles they serve.

Answer 55

Kidney - filter Ureters - carry waste Urinary bladder - stores urine

Question 56

Gonads in female and male

Answer 56

ovaries and testes

Question 57

What organ system comprises the urogenital system?

Answer 57

Urinary and Reproductive

Question 58

Complete Dominance | AA x aa = % heterozygous

Answer 58

Aa 100% heterozygous

Question 59

Complete Dominance | Aa x Aa = ratio

Answer 59

``` AA aa Aa Aa 3:1 = 3 dominant; 1 recessive ```

Question 60

Complete Dominance | Heterozygous x heterozygous Ratio

Answer 60

3:1

Question 61

Complete Dominance | Aa x aa = ratio

Answer 61

``` Aa Aa aa aa 1:1 = 2 Heterozygous; 2 Homozygous recessive ```

Question 62

Incomplete Dominance | Rr x Rr = ratio

Answer 62

``` RR Rr Rr rr 1:2:1 = red, pink, white ```

Question 63

Incomplete Dominance | Heterozygous x Heterozygous Ratio

Answer 63

1:2:1

Question 64

Dihybrid Cross | AaBb x AaBb = ratio

Answer 64

9:3:3:1

Question 65

Dihybrid Cross | Heterozygous x Heterozygous

Answer 65

9:3:3:1

Question 66

Dihybrid Cross | AaBb x aabb = ratio

Answer 66

1:1:1:1

Question 67

Dihybrid Cross | heterozygous x homozygous recessive

Answer 67

1:1:1:1

Question 68

To calculate a ratio -

Answer 68

divide both numbers by the smallest number second number should always be 1

Question 69

Calculate the concentration of each nucleotide given a double strand DNA

Answer 69

``` A+T+C+G = 100% C = 20% G = 20% A = 30% T = 30% ```

Question 70

Transcription

Answer 70

DNA -> RNA in G1 and G2 INSIDE nucleus

Question 71

Translation

Answer 71

mRNA -> Protein | in rough ER/ cytoplasm/ribosomes

Question 72

DNA and RNA Similarities

Answer 72

Both have Sugar and Bases Both have Guanine and Cytosine and Adenine Both needed for cells to produce proteins Both have phosphate groups

Question 73

DNA and RNA Differences

Answer 73

1. Strand - double vs single 2. Sugar - deoxyribonucleic vs ribonucleic 3. Base - ATCG vs AUCG

Question 74

DNA replication

Answer 74

1. unzip 2. nucleotide positioned and linked by polymerase 3. old and new strands zipped together 4. centromere holds double strands together

Question 75

mRNA function

Answer 75

copy of the DNA and can travel out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

Question 76

rRNA

Answer 76

rRNA + Proteins = ribosomes

Question 77

tRNA

Answer 77

bring aminoacids to the proteins

Question 78

DNA extraction from the strawberry

Answer 78

1. mash strawberry 2. put 10 ml of aliquot (extraction buffer) into bag and continue mashing 3. Funnel strawberry mush through cheese cloth into test tube 4. add 5 ml of cold 95% ethanol 5. grab DNA with wooden stick

Question 79

Epiglottis

Answer 79

prevents food from going down trachea

Question 80

Diaphragm

Answer 80

muscle for breathing assists lungs

Question 81

Larynx

Answer 81

voicebox

Question 82

Trachea

Answer 82

air to lungs

Question 83

Esophagus

Answer 83

food travels down

Question 84

Liver

Answer 84

makes bile to digest fat

Question 85

Stomach

Answer 85

digest food

Question 86

Small Intestines

Answer 86

absorb water

Question 87

Gall Bladder

Answer 87

store bile

Question 88

Spleen

Answer 88

removes damaged cells

Question 89

Pancreas

Answer 89

secrete enzymes to stomach

Question 90

Kidney

Answer 90

filter out toxins

Question 91

Carotid Arteries

Answer 91

O2 blood to head

Question 92

Brachiocephalic artery

Answer 92

aorta and carotid connection

Question 93

Subclavian Arteries

Answer 93

front legs

Question 94

Aorta

Answer 94

Sends clean blood to body

Question 95

Renal Arteries

Answer 95

clean blood to kidneys

Question 96

External Iliac Arteries

Answer 96

hind legs

Question 97

Umbilical Arteries

Answer 97

umbilical cord to placenta

Question 98

Anterior and Posterior vena cava color!

Answer 98

BLUE - to the heart

Question 99

Coronary artery

Answer 99

Provide nutrients to the heart RED

Question 100

Pulmonary Trunk

Answer 100

to the lungs

Question 101

Clean (O2) or dirty blood? | Right Atrium

Answer 101

Dirty

Question 102

Clean (O2) or dirty blood? | Left Atrium

Answer 102

Clean O2

Question 103

Clean (O2) or dirty blood? | Right Ventricle

Answer 103

Dirty

Question 104

Clean (O2) or dirty blood? | Left Ventricle

Answer 104

Clean O2

Question 105

Flow of blood through the heart

Answer 105

``` Enters in Vena Cava on right side Right atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Trunk Left atrium Left Ventricle Aorta - to rest of the body ```

Question 106

Thorax

Answer 106

between the neck and the abdomen