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human blood Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is the normal range of red blood cell counts for males?

A

4,600,000-6,200,000 cells per mm³

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2
Q

What is the normal range of red blood cell counts for females?

A

4,500,000-5,400,000 cells per mm³

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3
Q

What does the number of RBCs measure?

A

Blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity

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4
Q

What is the average blood volume in adult humans?

A

5L, which is 8% of body weight

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5
Q

Where does embryonic and fetal RBC production occur?

A

In the yolk sac, liver, and spleen

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6
Q

Where does RBC production occur after birth?

A

In the red bone marrow

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7
Q

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

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8
Q

What mechanism maintains the total number of RBCs?

A

Negative feedback mechanism utilizing erythropoietin (epo)

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9
Q

What is erythropoietin (epo)?

A

A hormone released from the kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen levels

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10
Q

What vitamins are necessary for DNA synthesis and reproduction of body cells?

A

Vitamins B12 and folic acid

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11
Q

What mineral is needed for hemoglobin synthesis?

A

Iron

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12
Q

What condition results from a deficiency in RBCs or hemoglobin?

A

Anemia

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13
Q

What happens to RBCs as they age?

A

They become increasingly fragile and are damaged by passing through narrow capillaries

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14
Q

What cells phagocytize damaged RBCs?

A

Macrophages in the liver and spleen

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15
Q

What are the two components hemoglobin is decomposed into?

A

Heme and globin

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16
Q

What is heme decomposed into?

A

Iron, which is stored and recycled, and biliverdin and bilirubin, which are excreted in bile

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17
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells that help protect and defend the body against disease

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18
Q

What are the five types of white blood cells?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
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19
Q

What is the normal white blood cell count?

A

5,000 to 10,000 WBCs per mm³

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20
Q

What does a differential WBC count indicate?

A

It helps pinpoint the nature of an illness, indicating whether it is caused by bacteria or viruses

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21
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Too many WBCs, which may be due to infections, vigorous exercise, or loss of bodily fluids

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22
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Too few WBCs, which can occur in conditions like typhoid fever and flu

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23
Q

What is the primary role of fibrinogen?

A

Blood coagulation

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24
Q

What is the function of albumins in blood plasma?

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A

Maintain osmotic pressure of blood

25
What is the function of globulins in blood plasma?
Transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
26
What is hemostasis?
Stoppage of bleeding
27
What are the three steps in hemostasis?
* Blood vessel spasm * Platelet plug formation * Blood coagulation
28
What initiates blood vessel spasm?
Cutting a blood vessel causes the muscle in its walls to contract
29
What do platelets do during platelet plug formation?
Stick to the exposed edges of damaged blood vessels, forming a net
30
What is the most effective means of hemostasis?
Blood coagulation
31
What activates prothrombin activator?
Damaged tissues release tissue thromboplastin
32
What does prothrombin activator convert prothrombin into?
Thrombin
33
What is a thrombus?
A clot that forms abnormally in a vessel
34
What is an embolus?
A thrombus that dislodges
35
What is hemophilia?
Abnormal bleeding caused when blood fails to clot properly
36
What are the two types of hemophilia?
* Hemophilia A: missing or low levels of clotting factor VIII * Hemophilia B: missing or low levels of clotting factor IX
37
What is the blood volume composition in terms of hematocrit?
45% cells and 55% plasma
38
What antigens are present in Type A blood?
A antigens and anti-B antibodies
39
What antigens are present in Type B blood?
B antigens and anti-A antibodies
40
What antigens are present in Type AB blood?
A and B antigens, but no antibodies
41
What antigens are present in Type O blood?
No antigens, and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
42
What is the Rh blood group named after?
The rhesus monkey
43
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
A condition that develops in Rh+ fetuses of Rh- mothers
44
What happens if Rh- blood is transfused with Rh+ blood?
The person will develop antibodies for the Rh factor
45
What happens when a person with Rh- blood is transfused with Rh+ blood?
The person will develop antibodies for the Rh factor ## Footnote This can lead to complications in future pregnancies.
46
What condition develops in Rh+ fetuses of Rh- mothers?
Erythroblastosis fetalis ## Footnote Baby #2 can be harmed if not prevented.
47
What is RhoGam® used for?
It is given to Rh- moms after each Rh+ baby to prevent anti-Rh antibody production ## Footnote It destroys any residual fetal positive RBCs in the mother's system.
48
What are the possible blood types?
8 Possible Blood Types: O+, O-, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB- ## Footnote Blood types vary among different ethnic groups.
49
Which blood type can receive blood from all other types?
AB+ ## Footnote This is known as the universal recipient.
50
List the types of anemia.
* Aplastic anemia * Hemolytic anemia * Iron deficiency anemia * Pernicious anemia * Sickle cell anemia * Thalassemia ## Footnote Each type has different causes and effects on red blood cells.
51
What is aplastic anemia?
Bone marrow damaged by toxic chemicals or radiation ## Footnote This leads to a reduction in blood cell production.
52
What characterizes hemolytic anemia?
RBCs are destroyed by toxic chemicals ## Footnote This leads to a decrease in red blood cell count.
53
What is the primary cause of iron deficiency anemia?
Lack of iron leading to hemoglobin deficiency ## Footnote This is the most common type of anemia worldwide.
54
What causes pernicious anemia?
Inability to absorb vitamin B12, leading to excess immature RBCs ## Footnote This affects red blood cell maturation.
55
What is sickle cell anemia?
A genetic disorder causing abnormal shape of RBCs ## Footnote This results from a defective gene.
56
What is thalassemia?
A condition where hemoglobin is deficient and RBCs are short-lived due to a defective gene ## Footnote This leads to anemia and requires management.
57
Describe the characteristics of red blood cells (RBCs).
* Biconcave disks * Contain 1/3 oxygen-carrying hemoglobin by volume * Bright red oxyhemoglobin when oxygenated * Darker deoxygenated blood (deoxyhemoglobin) * Discard their nuclei during development ## Footnote This means they cannot reproduce or produce proteins.
58
What is myeloid leukemia?
A condition where bone marrow produces too many immature granulocytes ## Footnote This leads to crowding out of other blood cells, causing anemia and increased susceptibility to infections.
59
What are common treatments for leukemia?
* Blood transfusions * Marrow transplants * Anti-cancer drugs * Stem cell transplants ## Footnote Treatment options depend on the type and stage of leukemia.

human biology_test (4 decks)

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