Human Body Flashcards

Question

what is rhesus factor (RhD +/-) what are erythrocytes what are leukocytes

Answer 1

an inherited protein found on surface of red blood cells another term for RBC white blood cells

Answer 2

clotting of arteries which leads to hardening and stiffening and promotes hypertension due to reduced vessel lumen blockage in coronary arteries thus part of the heart muscle becomes ischemic and dies weakened pump thus failure to adequately circulate blood in body in order to meet its needs condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman's blood destroy her baby's blood cells. Rhesus disease doesn't harm the mother, but it can cause the baby to become anaemic and develop jaundice.

Answer 3

a paste= chyme divert nutrient rich blood from small intestine to liver, allowing liver to process and store these nutrients into macromolecules such as glucose and glycogen, storage of vitamin D

Answer 4

1. digested nutrients and fluid pass from lumen wall into blood or lymth 2. chyme, enzymes (from pancreas, liver, gallbladder) forst enter duodenum 3. most digestion and absorption occurs in jejunum 4. some nutrients ie vitamin B12 are absorbed in ilium

Answer 5

Vitamin B12 - A water-soluble vitamin involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body. Vitamin K- A group of fat-soluble vitamins that play a role in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and regulating blood calcium levels. Peristalsis- series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. Heartburn- painful, burning sensation that occurs in the chest or throat when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus. Irritable bowel syndrome- chronic condition that affects the large intestine. Lactose intolerance - An impaired ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products Usually occurs due to deficiency of lactase. Celiac disease- A chronic digestive and immune disorder triggered by eating foods containing gluten such as bread. It results in the damage of the small intestine. Ulcer - Damage to the epithelium or mucous membrane of a internal organ. Cystic fibrosis- An inherited disorder that affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices resulting in severe damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body

Answer 6

a paste= chyme

Answer 7

- remove metabolic wastes form body and regulate fluid balance in body - produces hormone known as erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis - provides last step in synthesis vitamin D - produces an enzyme called renin which plays role in maintaining blood pressure - plays key role in maintaining acid-base balance in body

Answer 8

1. filtration- blood pressure drives this process, afferent arterioles introduce blood into bowman capsule allowing water and solutes through and keeps blood cells, platelets and proteins in blood 2. tubular reabsorption- useful filtered substances return to peritubular capillaries then to blood stream=most reabsorption occurs here 3. tubular secretion- removes unwanted substances + maintaining acid-base balance

Answer 9

with regards to blood pressure, reduced blood volume introduced into kidney by afferent arteriole instigates release of renin which converts angiotensin l to angiotensin ll stimulating secretion of aldosterone=induces Na and H2O reabsorption at distal tubules and collecting duct

Answer 10

ventilation, perfusion, diffusion and regulation

Answer 11

The menstrual cycle starts at menarche (first menstruation) and ends at menopause (lack of menstruation in older women) and averagely lasts about 28 days. There are 3 phases of the menstrual cycle namely: - Menstrual phase: first phase of the cycle when the endometrium sheds - Proliferative phase: thickening of the endometrium, end of this phase aligns with ovulation (release of oocyte from the ovaries). - Progestational phase: the final phase that occurs before pregnancy which creates. corpus luteum an endocrine structure that releases estrogen and progesterone that prepares the endometrium for pregnancy.

Answer 12

Testes descend into skin pouch below pelvic girdle known as scrotum

Answer 13

1. Seminiferous tubules are structures within the testes that contain cells called spermatogonia which are the starting point of spermatogenesis. 2. Spermatogenesis requires several rounds of cell division, processes known as mitosis and meiosis. 3. Spermatogonium develops into primary spermatocytes and then secondary spermatocytes after meiosis, after the 2nd round of meiosis spermatids form and develop into spermatozoa (sperm). 4. Sertoli cells also line the seminiferous tubules, and they provide nourishment for the developing sperm cells. Leydig cells also found in the seminiferous tubules produce testosterone. 5. A few hormones (testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone) are involved in the male sexual function. Testosterone oversees the growth, development and maturation of the male sexual organs and characteristics. 6. Sperm exits the testes and enters the epididymis where it undergoes maturation and is kept for storage, via the vas deferens sperm is transported through the ejaculatory ducts into the urethra (see fig 2). 7. As sperm travels through the urethra, secretions from several glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands) results in semen, a thick fluid that contains sperm. The secretions from these glands include fructose, prostaglandins, alkaline buffer, mucus, etc.

Answer 14

1. union between the egg and sperm cell nucleus= produces a zygote which is the initial cell of a foetus/baby. 2. Capacitation occurs as the sperm swims through uterus into the oviduct-> only a capacitated sperm cell can partake in fertilization. 3. Capacitation is the process wherebymembrane over the sperm's acrosome is weakened due to chemical changes; enzymes are released from the capacitated sperm which then clears a path through the zona pellucida of the egg cell. 4. Only one sperm cell fuses with the oocyte, once this happens, rapid chemical changes take place across the cell membrane of the oocyte preventing more sperm entry. 5. Fusion with sperm allows maturation of oocyte into an ovum and a polar body. The formed zygote has 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent.

Answer 15

Exocrine glands secrete externally and internally via ducks endocrine gland secrete hormones internally using bloodstream

Answer 16

Steroid (oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone) Non steroid (insulin, adrenaline etc)

Answer 17

Kidney, blood, vessels Increase Na excretion and lowers blood pressure

Answer 18

Diabetes - a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Gigantism - occurs when the pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone resulting in notable changes in terms of height and girth. Rickets - the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Pituitary dwarfism - also known as growth hormone deficiency, is a condition in which the pituitary gland does not make enough growth hormone resulting in a child's slow growth pattern and an unusually small stature.

Answer 19

extends from the foramen magnum and terminates at conus medullaris oligodendrocyte, schwann cells

Answer 20

proteins that change shape when absorbing light consist of different variants of opsin in combination with light absorbing substance derived from vitamin A

Answer 21

- signals flow from rods and cones to bipolar cells then to ganglion cells - signals also travel to horizontal and amacrine cells where its weakened or strengthened - the 2 optic nerves of the brain are formed by axons of ganglion cells

Answer 22

lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 23

1. Sounds are waves of compressed air. The sense of hearing begins with vibration- sensitive mechanoreceptors which lie deep in the ear. 2. As sounds travel the auditory canal it induces vibrations on the tympanic membrane (ear drum), which in turn causes vibration of the tiny bones (ossicles). The names of the ossicle bones are malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes. 3. The vibration of these bones transmits their motion to the oval window found at the entrance of the cochlea. 4. Vibration of the oval window causes pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea and transmitted to the hair cells which are the sensory receptors of sound. 5. Stimulated hair cells release neurotransmitters that induce action potentials in the neurons of the auditory nerve and these signals are carried to the brain.

Answer 24

1. Gustation is the scientific term for taste: taste is a chemical sense which requires chemoreceptors which are located on the tongue. 2. These receptors receive sensory information which travels to the thalamus and eventually to the cerebral cortex where Perceptions are made from the stimulus. The different perceptions of taste are bitter, sweet, sour, salty and umami. 3. The limbic system is also integrated in the sense of taste which incorporates emotions and memories. The tongue has about 10, 000 taste buds. 4. The sense of taste is also linked with the sense of smell, as we chew food, Odour molecules travel up the nasal passage. Thus anything that affects the nasal passage and dampens the sense of smell (i.e. cold or flu) tends to diminish the taste of the food as well.

Answer 25

1. The receptors situated in the nose detect water soluble, aromatic and vaporised substances. 2. On the nose olfactory epithelium are olfactory neurons which hold the receptors that odour molecules bind unto. This usually results in a nerve impulse which travels to the olfactory bulbs in the frontal area of the brain. 3.Other neurons send messages to the cerebral cortex which interprets the exact smell i.e. fresh bread citrus etc.

Human Body Flashcards

(70 cards)