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Chapter 1 > Human body and orientation > Flashcards

Human body and orientation Flashcards

1
Q

“Structure is suited to function” means

A

How something is arragned allows it to perform a specific job

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2
Q

“Structure is suited to function” realted to physiology

A

Yes, because anatomy is to structure as physiology is to function.

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3
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Gross (large) is based on observation of structure w/ maked eye

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4
Q

Microscopic anantomy

A

Requires a microscope to magnify the structure to be observed

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5
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure & shape of the cells. tissues, organs & organ systems that make up the body

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6
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how the body & its parts work to function. “Structure is suited to function of organ”

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7
Q

Organismal Level & example

A

Human organisms made up of many organ systems
Life form and all the systems (organs, tissues, cells & molecules)

Example; Human

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8
Q

Organs System Level & example

A

Work togeather to perform specific & vital functions within the body

Example; Digestive, urinanry, muscular, reproductive, respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, skeletal & integumentary

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9
Q

Organ Level & example

A

Different tissues work togeather to perform particular functions (two or more tissues)

Example; all tissues work togeather to form an organ like stomach. Bladder, inner lining of epithelial tissue, bound by various connective tissues to (smooth) muscle

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10
Q

Tissues level & example

A

Simiular cells work togeather to carry out particular functions.
4 basic tissue types: Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues.

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11
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers the body surface and lines body cavities

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12
Q

Muscle tissues

A

Provide movement. Contracts and relaxes

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13
Q

Connective tissue

A

Tissues supports and protects body organs

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14
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

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15
Q

Cellular level & example

A

Smalles units have characteristics of life. Body has 100 trillion cells. Each cell made of membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm that houses the organelles that required for cells to function properly.

Example; Bone cells , nerve cells, blood cells & etc.

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16
Q

11 Organ systems of Human body

A
  1. Integumentary System
  2. Skeletal System
  3. Muscular System
  4. Nervous System
  5. Endocrine System
  6. Cardiovascular System
  7. Lymphatic/ Immune System
  8. Respiratoy System
  9. Digestive System
  10. Urinary System
  11. Reproductive System
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17
Q

Integumentary System

A

Largest organ (Skin)
Waterproofs, cutions and protects the body.
Produces vitamin D w/ sunlight, regulates body temperature
Organs; Hair, fingernails, skin

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18
Q

Muscular System

A

Movement, locomotion (move place to place), facial expressions, maintain posture. Produce movement of bones, produce heat
Organs; skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles

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19
Q

Skeletal System

A

Muscles attached for movement, prtects vital organs, stores minerals, site of blood cell formation. Adults 206 bones & babies 300 bones
Organs: cartilages, joints, bones

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20
Q

Nervous System

A

Voluntary/ Involuntary actions. Fast- acting control system.
Messages sent to central nervous system. Assesses info & activates effectors (muscles& glands)
Organs: brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves

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21
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes as growth, reproduction & nutrients use by body cells
Organs: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, andrenal gland, pancreas, testis, ovary

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22
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood carries gasses like oxygen & remove CO2, carries nutrients, hormones. Contains white blood cells (WBC) & chemicals to protect from forgeign invades.
Heart pumping machine transport blood around. Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from heart. Vein carry blood back to heart. Capillaries tiny blood vessels throughtout body.
Organ: Veins, heart, arteries, capillaries

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23
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Picks up leaked blood vessels returns to blood. Lymph nodes & other lymphoid organs cleanes the blood. Houses WBC, involved in immunity
Organ: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes & lymphoid organs

24
Q

Respiratory System

A

Gases exchanged w/ blood through air scans in lungs. Supplies body w/ oxygen & removes carbon dioxide CO2
Organs: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

25
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food & absorbs food for nutrients. Eliminates indigestible material as faces
Organ: Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

26
Q

Urinary System

A

Eliminates nitrogen from body, regulates water, electrolyte & acid-base balance of blood. Regulate normal blood pressure
Organ: Kidney, Urete, urinary bladder, urethra

27
Q

Reproductive System

A

Produces babies
Organ: Ovaries, fallpoian tubes, uterus, cervux, vagina, vulva, penis, epididymis, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, vas deferens

28
Q

Organelle Level & example

A

chemical grouping, tiny organ like things in cells. Specific functions on cells & cannot live outside of cells. Without organelle, cells cannot survive
Example; Mitochondria prduce chemical energy, ribosomes which assemble proteins, nuclei which store genetic info

29
Q

Molecule

A

Strucutre that consists two or more atoms are chemically bonded together

30
Q

Chemical Level

A

Atoms. Everything is made of atoms. Atoms bond together to from molecules
Example: Dog, care, human, etc

31
Q

“Maintaining bounderies”

A

Bodies ability to maintain seaprate internal & external environments. Separate “inside” from “outside”

32
Q

Anatomical structure facilitate life function

A

The intergumentary system (skin) to protect tissues & organs from pathogens, heat, chemicals, water loss, etc

33
Q

Skeletal & muscular systems supporting other organs system in life function

A

The skeletal system prtects the bodies organs, support weight of body & give body shape. The muscular system is atached to the bones allow movement. Help digestive system by moving food through. Resoritory system have muscles which help in breathing.
Work togeather to support and move.

34
Q

Term EXCRETION? Difference from “ELIMINATION”?

A

EXCRETION- the separation and throwing off of waste materials or toxic substances from the cells and tissues.
Difference is that elimination occurs when something like drug or food has been observed by the body and after the body releases leftover substance that elimantes from body.

35
Q

Metabolic

A

Metabolism refers to chemical (metabolic) process take place as body converts food & drink into energy

36
Q

Metabolic reaction

A

Provide energy in multiple steps which metabolites are oxidized

37
Q

Sexual reproduction
Important feature

A

Producing offspring
Female: Mammary glands (in breast), uterine tubes, ovary, uterus, vagina
Male: Penis, testis, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles

38
Q

Cellular reproduction

A

New cells used for growth and repair

39
Q

2 ways term GROWTH defined

A
  1. Increase cell size (smaller to larger) or increase # of cells. Cell is small but you make many more like it
  2. Hormones relaesed by endocrine system plays major role in directing growth
40
Q

Is RESPONSIVENESS critical to life? Why?

A

Yes, because has ability to sene change in environment & react to it. Example; touch hot pan, involuntarily pull hand away.

41
Q

DIGESTION: Organ system involved and why?

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine and rectum because all organs work together to digest and breakdown food

42
Q

Term METABOLISM and example

A

Means chemical reactions within body. Breakdown complez molecules into smaller ones and build larger molecules from smaller ones. Provides energy (ATP) & regulated by food into building blockes to make protiens, & chemicla reactions needed for elimination of waste.

43
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body’s ability to maintain relativly stable.
Help stabilize & sustain organisms functions, regardless of changing outside environmnet. State of balance.

44
Q

2 Organ system responsible for homeostasis

A
  1. Nervous system
  2. Endocrine system (hormones)
45
Q

Regulated variable

A

maintain within limited range. BP, heart rate, temp., & gulocose are regulated variables in human body and homeostasis is mechanism kept in normal range

46
Q

Homeostasis 3 components

A

Receptor
Control Center
Effector

47
Q

Receptor

A

Respond change to environment. sends info to control centre.

48
Q

Control Center

A

Determines set point
Analyzes info
Determines appropraite response

49
Q

Effector

A

Respoonds to stimulus
Info flows from control centre, ex; pancreas is also effector b/e will provide insulin, respond to the stimulus.

50
Q

Survival needs

A

Nutrients
Normal body temp.
Oxygen
Water
Atmospheric pressure

51
Q

Nutrients

A

Through food, contains chemicals used for energy and cell building. Carbohydrates major energy providing fuel for body cells
Proteins and fats essential for building cell structure
minerals and vitamins required for chemical reaction tha go cells and oxygen trasnport in blood

52
Q

Normal body temperture

A

Healthy temp 37 degrees celsius. Below temp chemical reaction slow ans stop
Above temp chemical reaction processd to rapid

53
Q

Oxygen

A

Required for chemical reaction. Respiratory and cardiovascular system

54
Q

Water

A

60-80% body weight. Abundant chemical in body. Provides fluid for body secretion (transport) and excretion (remove)

55
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Appropriate for gas exchange

56
Q

Negative feedback

A

CORRECTS. Balance feedback, more stable, shuts original stimulus or reduce intensity, homeostatic control mechanisms
Ex; houshold thermostat

57
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Amplifies the stimulus, more unstable, increase feedback (birth, blood clotting, breastfeeding), increase original stimulus to push variable further, reaction occurs at faster rate

Chapter 1 (1 decks)

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