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KINESIOLOGY 200 Exam 2 > Human body exam 2 > Flashcards

Human body exam 2 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

energy

A

all living things need this to survive

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2
Q

chemical bond of food

A

where energy for animals is found, energy input

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3
Q

3 macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, lipids (fat), and protein, they are measured in kilocalories (kcals/g)

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4
Q

carbohydrates

A

-4 kcals/g
-the preferred energy source
-preferred source of products for ATP production
-stored in liver as glycogen
-muscle local use

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5
Q

proteins

A

-4 kcal/g
-last choice of energy
-last resort for ATP production

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6
Q

lipids

A

-9 kcal/g
-2nd choice because it has most energy available
-diverse group
-largest ATP production of any macronutrients

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7
Q

expenditure

A

energy output

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8
Q

external work

A

energy outputted, ex. when skeletal muscles contract to move an object or the body

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9
Q

internal work

A

all other forms not involved in mechanical work outside of body, ex. shivering, breathing, heart pumping

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10
Q

1/3

A

amount of energy from food that is used

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11
Q

2/3

A

amount of energy from food released as heat, helps to maintain body temp

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12
Q

metabolism

A

sum total of all chemical reactions in the body

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13
Q

metabolic rate

A

rate at which energy is expended during work, internal and external, kcal/hr

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14
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

metabolic activity needed to maintain basic bodily functions under resting conditions, only accurately measured when subject is…
-rested
-no stress
-room temp
-fasted for 12 hrs

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15
Q

factors that can increase BMR

A

thyroid, eating, increased physical activity

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16
Q

underweight BMI

A

<18.5 BMI

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17
Q

obese BMI

A

> 30 BMI

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18
Q

morbidly obsese BMI

A

> 35 BMI

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19
Q

super obsese BMI

A

> 40 BMI

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20
Q

normal range of BMI

A

18.5-24.5

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21
Q

4 Physiological factors that contribute to obesity

A
  1. increase of circulation of glucocorticoids
  2. insulin resistance
  3. mutated leptin receptor in brain
  4. increase in production of neuropeptide Y in hypothalamus
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22
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

appetite signal from hypothalamus

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23
Q

melanocortins

A

satiety signal from hypothalamus

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24
Q

leptin

A

-1st appetite controling hormone
-decreases food intake
-increases metabolic rate
-increases production of melanocortins
-decreases production of neuropeptide Y

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25
insulin
-released into bloodstream by pancreas when blood levels of glucose increase to cause intake in cells -inhibits release of neuropeptide Y to decrease appetite -signals adipocytes to release leptin
26
ghrelin
-"hunger hormone" -produced by stomach sent into blood before meals -increases production of neuropeptide Y to increase appetite
27
PYY 3 - 36
-produced by small and large intestine -satiety signal in hypothalamus
28
colecystokinin
when small intestine fills with food sends satiety signal to hypothalamus
29
white adipose fat
-storage -associated with obesity
30
brown adipose fat
-energy from food to heat -babies -associated with healthy lifestyles
31
3 pathways to cells making energy
1. glycolysis 2. krebs cycle 3.oxidative phosphorylation
32
glycolysis
-occurs in cytoplasm -uses only carbohydrates -non oxidative -oldest pathway for energy production -yields 4 ATP (NET 2), 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate -energy consumption phase and energy production phase
33
krebs cycle
-acetyl coA enters at mitochondrial matrix as substrate -aerobic -yields 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
34
oxidative phosphorylation
-highest yield of ATP from glucose -electrons passed down series of proteins in inner membrane of mitochondria and loses energy each time it moves -hydrogen ions pumped into intermembrane space -when full they are channeled back thru to other side via ATP synthase
35
lipids for energy
-Beta oxidation converts energy in chemical bonds of free fatty acids into ATP only when mitochondria has oxygen (aerobic) -yields 1 NADH and 1 FADH2
36
proteins for energy
-not desirable -broken down to AA -remove nitrogen -enter krebs or glycolysis -keto acid or amonea
37
genetic engineering
segment of DNA of one species cut out and transferred to another species
38
recombinant DNA technology
synonymous to genetic engineering
39
genetic manipulation in nature
-cross over of plants -viral DNA and hosts -selective breeding of plants and animals
40
oppose selective breeding
-intrusion of evolutionary process -gamble with human health and could aid in spread of diseases (GMO)
41
cloning
cells from an organism used to develop a new genetically identical copy
42
recombinant DNA process
1. remove genes thru restriction endonucleases (enzyme) to create sticky end 2. add cut portion of DNA into bacterial DNA and seal with DNA ligase
43
plasmids
-small circular DNA structures found in bacteria -non essential genes -replicate independent of bacterial chromosomes -readily accept bacterial cell
44
other methods of genetic engineering
-mRNA template -reverse transcription
45
transgenic organism
transfer of genes from 1 species to another, often in animal research
46
gene therapy
genes supplemented or altered to cure disease, delivered through liposomes or virus
47
mutation
conversion of a normal cell to a precancerous cell, can be caused by chemicals, viruses, or other physical factors
48
developmental and progressional formation of cancer
chemical or hormones stimulating dangerous growth within the body, promoters
49
proto-oncogenes
-group of genes that controls functions related to cell replication -unrepaired mutations becomes cancer causing oncogenes
50
tumor supressant genes
naturally inhibits growth in a cell, but if it mutates and deviates from normal growth it can become cancerous
51
latent period
period between exposure and emergence of cancerous tumors
52
immunotherapy
use body's own immune system to combat cancer
53
vaccines for cancer
stimulate body to attack tumor
54
monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment
produced by cells of immune system to bind to foreign substances
55
laser for cancer treatment
photodynmaic therapy, light sensitive ointnment drug shot at at surface of skin to kill cancer cells
56
infectious diseases
-pathogenic microorganisms -caused by external agent (bacteria, fungus, parasite, virus) -able to spread one person to another through contact -can come from animals
57
direct transmission
-transmitted through physical contact (ex. handshake, kiss) -ex. flu, common cold, staph, STD, rabies
58
indirect transmission
-transmitted through inanimate objects (fomite) -through bites, eating drinking, on doorknob, water faucet -ex. staph, cold sores, flu
59
immune system
able to fight foreign pathogens that enter body, includes innate and adaptive
60
innate immunity
-non specific and no memory -means of production include skin, tears, stomach acid, immune cells (ex. neurophils) -target any cells that aren't "you" -granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosiniphils, and mast cells) release chemicals that are toxic to pathogens (hydrogen peroxide) -phagocytes ingest foreign objects and kill
61
adaptive immunity
-works on principle of memory -after encountering pathogen, next time it will be able to fight it off faster -
62
T cells
helper cells that allow memory cells to be made when substance is presented to it
63
B cell
retain memory and produces antibodies even without T cell, but no memory without T cell, considered antibody factories
64
vaccines
substances given in order to increase immunity of a person to a specific pathogen
65
live vaccines
weakened version of pathogen, in rare cases mild disease can happen, ex. MMR, flu nose spray
66
inactive vaccine
grown in lab then inactivated with heat or chemicals, can't replicate host, needs boosters, ex. Hep A, polio
67
toxoid vaccine
when toxin is main cause of illness, made to replicate its effects without illness so immune system can react to it, ex. tetanus
68
subunit vaccine
part of pathogen, not whole unit, ex. flu
69
mRNA vaccine
lipid nanoparticles delivers mRNA to cells, gets translated and stimulates cell mediated immunity, exocytosis to expel protein

KINESIOLOGY 200 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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