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Human body systems Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

skeletal

A

(bones)

support, structure, movement, protection

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2
Q

nervous

A

(brain, spinal cord, nerves)

coordination and control of body function through electrical signals

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3
Q

muscular

A

(skeletal muscles)

support and movement

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4
Q

urinary

A

(kidneys, bladder)

maintaining water and solute balance, elimination of waste

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5
Q

endocrine

A

(pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands)

coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules (hormones)

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6
Q

digestive

A

(stomach, intestines, liver)

ingestion and processing of foodstuffs for contribution and use by cells, elimination of waste.

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7
Q

immune

A

(thymus, spleen, lymph nodes)

defence against foreign invaders

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8
Q

integumentary

A

(skin)

protection from external environment

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9
Q

cardiovascular

A

(heart, blood vessels, blood)

transport of materials between cells

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10
Q

reproductive

A

(ovaries, uterus, testes)

perpetuation of the species

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11
Q

lymphatic

A

(lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus)

drains excess fluid from cells and returns to bloodstream. immune function.

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12
Q

respiratory

A

(lungs, airways)

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between internal and external environments

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13
Q

levels of organisation

A 
SMALLEST —-> chemicals
                            cells 
                            tissues
                            organs 
                            body systems 
LARGEST —->    organism
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14
Q

functional characteristics for maintaining life

MRS GRENC

A
  • maintain boundaries/ movement (keep internal and external environments seperate)
  • reproduction (provide new cells for growth and repair)
  • sensitivity/responsiveness (react to stimuli)
  • growth (constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive)
  • respiration (inhale O2 and use it for the production of energy)
  • excretion (removing wastes from body)
  • nutrition/digestion (breaking down food into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood)
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15
Q

what is required to maintain life?

A

nutrients, O2, H2O, normal body temperature (36.5-37.5), atmospheric pressure

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16
Q

atoms

A

composed of neutrons, protons and electrons

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17
Q

elements

A

consist of only one type of atom

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18
Q

compounds

A

consist of 2 or more different types of atoms

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19
Q

molecules

A

consist of 2 or more atoms (same or different types)

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20
Q

ion

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A

atom that gains or loses and electron, gaining an electric charge

21
Q

anion

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A

atom that GAINS an electron to become negatively charged

22
Q

cation

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A

an atom that LOSES an electron to become positively charged

23
Q

water

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A

polar molecule
hydrophilic- water loving- easily dissolves
hydrophobic - water hating- not easily dissolved
* most abundant compound in the human body
(transports, absorbes, excretes, secretes, universal solvent, chemical reactions, dehydration)

24
Q

pH

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A
  • body tries to maintain pH of 7.35-7.45

- regulated by buffers, the respiratory and urinate systems

25
buffers
found in the blood acuda dissociate into H+ and lower pH while bases dissociate into OH- and raise pH —-> buffers absorb these excess ions and maintain pH
26
carbohydrates | * structure *
STRUCTURE: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) - monosaccharides- single unit sugars (glucose) - disaccharides- double unit sugars (sucrose, lactose) - polysacchides- long chains (glycogen)
27
carbohydrates | * function *
FUNCTIONS 1. energy production (glycolysis- break down of glucose, aerobic cellular reparation- resyntheisis of ATP) 2. energy storage (stored as glycogen) 3. building macromolecules (convert to DNA/RNA, excess converted to fat) 4. sparing protein (not enough glucose—-> breakdown of protein
28
lipids | * structure and function *
STRUCTURE: group of substances that are hydrophobic- cannot be mixed with water. FUNCTIONS: 1. insulation/ thermoregulation 2.protection of organs 3. energy reserve (secondary energy source) 4. absorption of vitamins (a, d, e, k)
29
proteins | * structure and function *
STRUCTURE: made of amino acids (non essential and essential). DNA within the nucleus codes for the synthesis of specific proteins. FUNCTIONS: transport, channels and pumps, acid-base balance, fluid balance, antibodies, hormones, enzymes, structural and mechanical
30
enzymes | * structure and function *
STRUCTURE: biological catalysts, class of proteins FUNCTIONS: speed up the rate of reactions —> without these, many metabolic processes would not occur
31
CAVITIES OF THE HUMAN BODY
``` cranial thoracic diaphragm pelvic abdominopelvic pericardial pleural superior mediastinum vertebral cavity abdominal spinal ventral ```
32
metabolism
total of all chemical reactions in an organism
33
anabolism
building up oh larger more complex substances
34
catabolism
breaking down of substances to gain energy. produces raw materials for anabolism and assists in creating substances to remove wastes.
35
homeostasis
- condition of a relatively stable internal environment maintained within narrow limits in the face of external change. - variables controlled: heart rate, CO2, fluid balance, body temp, blood pressure, ions/ electrolytes, BGL, pH
36
negative feedback
reaction where the system responds to produce change in the OPPOSITE direction to the stimulus E.g body temp, BGL
37
Positive feedback
reaction where the system responds to produce a change in the same direction to the stimulus E.g childbirth
38
Prokaryotic cells
simplest cellular organism, single celled, lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles e.g bacteria
39
eukaryotic cells
more complex, contain a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, make up most multi cellular organisms
40
smooth ER
synthesizes hormones and lipids
41
golgi apparatus
proteins move to the GA where they are bound into vesicles
42
lysosomes
vesicles from the GA. enzymes within are used to breakdown organelle fragments and larger molecules
43
centrosomes
direct the microtubule organisation within the cell
44
nucleolous
essential for the formation of ribosomes, composed of RNA
45
nucleus
contains DNA
46
mitochondria
provides the chemical energy required through aerobic respirations
47
ribosomes
hold RNA, synthesize proteins from amino acids
48
rough ER
protein synthesis occurs here as the R. ER is studded with ribosomes.
49
cytoplasm
helps maintain the shape of the cell

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