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VET health > Human body systems > Flashcards

Human body systems Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal

A

(bones)

support, structure, movement, protection

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2
Q

nervous

A

(brain, spinal cord, nerves)

coordination and control of body function through electrical signals

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3
Q

muscular

A

(skeletal muscles)

support and movement

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4
Q

urinary

A

(kidneys, bladder)

maintaining water and solute balance, elimination of waste

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5
Q

endocrine

A

(pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands)

coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules (hormones)

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6
Q

digestive

A

(stomach, intestines, liver)

ingestion and processing of foodstuffs for contribution and use by cells, elimination of waste.

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7
Q

immune

A

(thymus, spleen, lymph nodes)

defence against foreign invaders

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8
Q

integumentary

A

(skin)

protection from external environment

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9
Q

cardiovascular

A

(heart, blood vessels, blood)

transport of materials between cells

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10
Q

reproductive

A

(ovaries, uterus, testes)

perpetuation of the species

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11
Q

lymphatic

A

(lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus)

drains excess fluid from cells and returns to bloodstream. immune function.

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12
Q

respiratory

A

(lungs, airways)

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between internal and external environments

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13
Q

levels of organisation

A 
SMALLEST —-> chemicals
                            cells 
                            tissues
                            organs 
                            body systems 
LARGEST —->    organism
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14
Q

functional characteristics for maintaining life

MRS GRENC

A
  • maintain boundaries/ movement (keep internal and external environments seperate)
  • reproduction (provide new cells for growth and repair)
  • sensitivity/responsiveness (react to stimuli)
  • growth (constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive)
  • respiration (inhale O2 and use it for the production of energy)
  • excretion (removing wastes from body)
  • nutrition/digestion (breaking down food into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood)
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15
Q

what is required to maintain life?

A

nutrients, O2, H2O, normal body temperature (36.5-37.5), atmospheric pressure

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16
Q

atoms

A

composed of neutrons, protons and electrons

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17
Q

elements

A

consist of only one type of atom

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18
Q

compounds

A

consist of 2 or more different types of atoms

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19
Q

molecules

A

consist of 2 or more atoms (same or different types)

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20
Q

ion

A

atom that gains or loses and electron, gaining an electric charge

21
Q

anion

A

atom that GAINS an electron to become negatively charged

22
Q

cation

A

an atom that LOSES an electron to become positively charged

23
Q

water

A

polar molecule
hydrophilic- water loving- easily dissolves
hydrophobic - water hating- not easily dissolved
* most abundant compound in the human body
(transports, absorbes, excretes, secretes, universal solvent, chemical reactions, dehydration)

24
Q

pH

A
  • body tries to maintain pH of 7.35-7.45

- regulated by buffers, the respiratory and urinate systems

25
Q

buffers

A

found in the blood
acuda dissociate into H+ and lower pH while bases dissociate into OH- and raise pH —-> buffers absorb these excess ions and maintain pH

26
Q

carbohydrates

* structure *

A

STRUCTURE: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

  • monosaccharides- single unit sugars (glucose)
  • disaccharides- double unit sugars (sucrose, lactose)
  • polysacchides- long chains (glycogen)
27
Q

carbohydrates

* function *

A

FUNCTIONS

  1. energy production (glycolysis- break down of glucose, aerobic cellular reparation- resyntheisis of ATP)
  2. energy storage (stored as glycogen)
  3. building macromolecules (convert to DNA/RNA, excess converted to fat)
  4. sparing protein (not enough glucose—-> breakdown of protein
28
Q

lipids

* structure and function *

A

STRUCTURE: group of substances that are hydrophobic- cannot be mixed with water.
FUNCTIONS:
1. insulation/ thermoregulation
2.protection of organs
3. energy reserve (secondary energy source)
4. absorption of vitamins (a, d, e, k)

29
Q

proteins

* structure and function *

A

STRUCTURE: made of amino acids (non essential and essential). DNA within the nucleus codes for the synthesis of specific proteins.
FUNCTIONS:
transport, channels and pumps, acid-base balance, fluid balance, antibodies, hormones, enzymes, structural and mechanical

30
Q

enzymes

* structure and function *

A

STRUCTURE:
biological catalysts, class of proteins
FUNCTIONS:
speed up the rate of reactions —> without these, many metabolic processes would not occur

31
Q

CAVITIES OF THE HUMAN BODY

A 
cranial 
thoracic 
diaphragm
pelvic
abdominopelvic
pericardial
pleural 
superior mediastinum
vertebral cavity 
abdominal 
spinal 
ventral
32
Q

metabolism

A

total of all chemical reactions in an organism

33
Q

anabolism

A

building up oh larger more complex substances

34
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down of substances to gain energy. produces raw materials for anabolism and assists in creating substances to remove wastes.

35
Q

homeostasis

A
  • condition of a relatively stable internal environment maintained within narrow limits in the face of external change.
  • variables controlled: heart rate, CO2, fluid balance, body temp, blood pressure, ions/ electrolytes, BGL, pH
36
Q

negative feedback

A

reaction where the system responds to produce change in the OPPOSITE direction to the stimulus
E.g body temp, BGL

37
Q

Positive feedback

A

reaction where the system responds to produce a change in the same direction to the stimulus
E.g childbirth

38
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

simplest cellular organism, single celled, lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles e.g bacteria

39
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

more complex, contain a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, make up most multi cellular organisms

40
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesizes hormones and lipids

41
Q

golgi apparatus

A

proteins move to the GA where they are bound into vesicles

42
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles from the GA. enzymes within are used to breakdown organelle fragments and larger molecules

43
Q

centrosomes

A

direct the microtubule organisation within the cell

44
Q

nucleolous

A

essential for the formation of ribosomes, composed of RNA

45
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA

46
Q

mitochondria

A

provides the chemical energy required through aerobic respirations

47
Q

ribosomes

A

hold RNA, synthesize proteins from amino acids

48
Q

rough ER

A

protein synthesis occurs here as the R. ER is studded with ribosomes.

49
Q

cytoplasm

A

helps maintain the shape of the cell

VET health (4 decks)

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