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PMP101 > Human Body Systems > Flashcards

Human Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organisation and the related fields of study? diagram

A
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2
Q

What does the Circulatory/Cardiovascular system include?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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3
Q

What does the digestive system include?

A

Stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas

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4
Q

What does the Endocrine system include?

A

Thyroid glad, adrenal gland

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5
Q

What does the immune system include?

A

Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

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6
Q

What does the integumentary system include ?

A

Skin

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7
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system include?

A

Skeletal muscles, bones

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8
Q

What does the nervous system include?

A

Brain, Spinal cord

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9
Q

What does the Reproductive System include?

A

Ovaries, Uterus, Testes

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10
Q

Integration between Body Systems ? diagram

A
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11
Q

What are tissues?

A
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12
Q

What are the main types of tissues?

A
  • Connective Tissue
    -Epithelial Tissue
    -Muscle Tissue
    -Neural Tissue
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13
Q

What is Connective Tissue ?

A

-Binds cell and organs
-Protects support and integration

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14
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue?

A

-It covers the exterior, lines internal cavities and some glands

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15
Q

What is Muscle Tissue?

A

-Excitable, contracts
-Skeletal (voluntary),smooth, cardiac

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16
Q

What is Neural Tissue?

A

-Excitable
-Allows propagation of nerve impulses that communicate between different parts of the body

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17
Q

What is the Extarcellular Matrix (Matrix) ?

A

-Material synthesised and secreted by the cells of a tissue

-Proteogylcans (glycoproteins) and insoluble protein fibre (collagen, fibronectin, laminin)

-Very abundant in connective tissue

-Also other functions

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18
Q

What are Cell Junctions? Diagram

A

-They hold cells together

-Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) membrane-spanning proteins.

-Cell junctions/transient cell adhesions

-CAMs eg connexin, claudin, occluding, cadherin

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19
Q

What are gap junctions ?

A

-These are communicating junctions

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20
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

-These are occluding junctions

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21
Q

What is a desmosome ?

A

-A cell-to-cell anchoring junction

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22
Q

What is the function of Epithelia on tissue?

A

-To protect and regulate exchange
- Base : thin layer of matrix ( basal lamina/membrane)
- Exchange

-simple, thin, flattened cells, gaps/pores

-eg rapid gas exchange

-Blood vessels (also called endothelium)/ lung

  • Transporting

-actively regulate aqueous molecules

  • Ciliated
  • Protective
  • Secretory
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23
Q

What are the types of Epithelia ?

A

Simple, Cuboidal, Squamous and Columnar

24
Q

What is a simple epithelium?

A
25
Q

What is a stratified epithelium ?

A
26
Q

What is a cuboidal epithelium ?

A
27
Q

What is a Columnar Epithelium ?

A
28
Q

What is a squamous epithelium?

A
29
Q

Why are there tight junctions in a transporting epithelium cell? diagram ?

A

-Tight junctions in a transporting epithelium prevent movement between adjacent cells. Substances must instead pass through the epithelial cell, crossing two phospholipid cell membranes as they do so

30
Q

What is a Ciliated Epithelia ? diagram

A
  • Non-transporting
  • sweep fluids across the surface
  • line respiratory trace/female production
31
Q

What is a protective epithelia ?

A
  • prevent exchange
  • stratified/stacked layers of cells
  • eg epidermis
32
Q

What is a secretory epithelia ?

A
  • Glands
  • varied types epithelia
  • exocrine/ endocrine
33
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A

-Supports/protects/connects
-Cells dispersed in matrix (ground substance, watery or mineralised)

34
Q

What is Homeostasis? diagram

A

-Physiologically, keeping the bodys’ environment in a state of equilibrium within ‘normal limits’

35
Q

Control of homeostasis ?

A
36
Q

What is the Negative feedback loop? diagram

A

‘Negative feedback brings a system back to its level of normal functioning’

37
Q

How does the negative feedback loop work?

A
  • Human body monitors key functions
  • Glucose regulation
  • Short term control of blood pressure
  • Regulation of ventilation
  • Regulated variables maintained within their acceptable (normal) range by physiological control mechanisms kick in if the variable moves too far from its set point or optimal value
38
Q

What is the Regulation in the negative feedback loop?

A
  • Oscillations around a set point
  • Detectors have a threshold
  • minimal stimulus to set response in motion
  • Control: short distance or Long distance pathway
39
Q

What is support system integration ? diagram

A
  • Homeostatic control usually involves part of the endocrine system and part of the nervous system
  • This may be a signal from one or the other, an output from one or the other, or a mix of both to one another or to each other
40
Q

What are Control Systems?

A
  • Local: Autocrine/paracrine
  • Long distance: reflex control

input signal → integrating system → output signal → Response

-The complexity of the control depends on the level of integration

41
Q

What is the Integration Centre ? diagram

A
  • This is where the greatest control comes in-your brain
  • if the response reduces the intensity of the stimulus the system is operating negative feedback
  • if the response enhances or intensifies the stimulus, a system is operating by positive feedback
  • The hypothalamus and the pituitary are fantastic examples of integrators.
42
Q

With control comes balance - What is Afferent?

A

Afferent = towards a centre

-think ‘affects the system’

43
Q

With control comes balance - What is Efferent? diagram

A

-Efferent = away from a centre

-think ‘effects something in response’

44
Q

What is a set point? and how can they change?

A
  • Circadian Rhythms
  • Fever:

-Elevation of core body temperature above a ‘set point’

-normally regulated by the body’s thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus

-secondary to a pathological process, the release of immunological mediators that trigger the hypothalamus to elevate the body’s core temperature.

-an increase in the ‘set point’ temperature, enables the body to maintain a controlled ‘increase’ of the core temperature and functionality of all organ systems.

45
Q

What are acclimatisations?

A
  • Transient physiological modifications
  • Changes last only as long as exposure
  • Not genetically transmissible
46
Q

What is a positive feedback loop? Not Homeostasis diagram and example

A

-Not homeostasis

-Positive feedback enhances or accelerates output created by an activated stimulus’

  • Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition
  • Physiological response of effector reinforces the initial change
  • Continues until interrupted by a mechanism external to the loop
47
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

A

-Neural
-Muscular
-Connective
-Epithelial

48
Q

What is the extracellular matrix ?

A

-it is abundant in connective tissue

49
Q

What are cell junctions?

A
  • hold cells together
50
Q

What is Epithelia ?

A

-Regulate and protect

51
Q

What are the 3 key types of connective tissues?

A

-True
-Supportive
-Fluid

52
Q

What is Homeostasis ?

A

keeps body within normal limits

53
Q

What does Negative feedback do?

A

maintains variation around a set point

54
Q

What is reflex control?

A

-consists of a stimulus, an integrating centre and a response

55
Q

What is the Integrating centre?

A

brain

PMP101 (23 decks)

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