Human Case Studies Flashcards
(144 cards)
0
Q
What is Russia’s pro natalist policy?
A
The national sex day
1
Q
What are two example of countries with pro natalist policies?
A
France and Russia
2
Q
What is the national sex day?
A
Once a year Russians have a day off work to have sex, if a baby is born nine months to the day they go into a prize draw to win prizes like a new car or radio
3
Q
Why did France introduce a pro natalist policy?
A
It was worried that people weren’t going to have enough children and so that country wasn’t going to be able to sustain itself
4
Q
What are two of the results from Frances pro natalist policies?
A
- ) resulted in mothers having children and remaining in work
- ) France has the highest fertility rates in Europe
5
Q
What are five of the strategies in France to encourage births?
A
- ) a cash incentive of 675 monthly for a mother to stay of work with her child for a year after the third child
- ) large family cards, reduction in train fares
- ) people with children pay less tax
- ) three years paid parental leave for mother or farthers
- ) governments subsidised daycare or children under the age of three
6
Q
What is an example of a place with a non birth control policy?
A
Philippines
7
Q
What is the population in the Philippines ?
A
98 million
8
Q
Why do the Philippines have a non birth control policy?
A
Mostly Catholics which don’t promote birth control, access to contraception is limited and abortion is illegal
9
Q
What are the four main effects of a non birth control policy in the Philippines?
A
- ) half of the population younger than 21 years old
- ) population may double in 30 years
- ) increasingly difficult to provide basic services for growing population
- ) unsustainable growth
10
Q
Where is a place with a anti natalist policy?
A
China
11
Q
What is China’s anti natalist policy called?
A
China’s one child policy
12
Q
When was China’s one child policy announced?
A
1979
13
Q
What is China’s population?
A
Over 1.3 billion
14
Q
Why did China introduce the one child policy?
A
During the 1970s the country was heading for famine as there wasn’t enough food for the country so changes had to be made
15
Q
What are eight main points about China’s one child policy?
A
- ) you had to have permission from the government to marry
- ) couldn’t marry until your late 20s
- ) free education and healthcare for one child families
- ) families with more than one child paid heavy fines
- ) 10% salary cut
- ) no promotions at work
- ) family planning at work
- ) abortion and sterilisation
16
Q
What has China’s growth rate slowed to and what is it similar to?
A
0.6%, that of a MEDC
17
Q
Are are the three main positive effects of China’s one child policy?
A
- ) birth rates fallen
- ) growth rate slowed
- ) enough food and jobs for population
18
Q
What are the five main negative effects of China’s one child policy?
A
- ) problem with ageing population
- ) boys more valued than girls lead to an unbalanced population 11 males to 10 males
- ) dependency rate problems one child supporting two parents
- ) little emperor syndrome, only child spoilt
- ) China’s lost girls, families killed girls because they were last valued
19
Q
What are three changes that were made to China’s one child policy?
A
- ) relaxed in urban areas
- ) women are allowed two child if the first is a girl
- ) young couples who are only children can have two children
20
Q
Where is a place that suffers with an ageing population?
A
UK
21
Q
How is the number of over 65s meant to grow to?
A
From 9.5 million to 15 million by 2040
22
Q
What are six issues caused by an ageing population in the UK?
A
- ) increasing dependency ratio
- ) increasing demand on healthcare, illnesses occur in old age
- ) elderly people see their GP more often
- ) need more services like care homes which are expensive
- ) half of NHS budget spent on treating over 65s
- ) there is now a pension crisis
23
Q
What is the pension crisis?
A
When the pension was first introduced there was 22 people of working ages for every retired person by 2024 there will be less than 3
24
What are six opportunities created by an ageing population in the UK?
1. ) voluntary work
2) valuable Childcare for grand children
3. ) spend pensions on leisure activities like holidays
4. ) companies target elderly people
5. ) many work beyond the retiring age
6. ) still pay income on income and savings
25
What are five strategies to try and improve the ageing population in the UK?
1. ) increase retiring age to 68 by 2049
2. ) cut NHS funding
3. ) restrict access to drugs for old age diseases
4. ) support birth rate
5. ) encourage migration to get more people for working age to the country
26
Where is a place than has voluntary migration?
From Poland to the UK
27
What sort of migrants come to the UK?
Economic migrants searching for work and a better lifestyle
28
Why does Europe need immigrants?
Falling birth rate results in a lack of workers
29
How many Eastern European migrants did the UK receive between 2004 and 2004?
600 000
30
What are two positive effects of polish immigrants in the UK?
1. ) pay tax contributing towards the economy
| 2. ) money they earn is spent in the UK
31
What are two negative effects of polish immigrants in the UK?
1. ) some work in the informal sector for cash with no tax
| 2. ) use the UK health and education services adding to pressure and costs
32
Name two places which has tourism in the UK?
The lake district and Blackpool
33
Where is the Lake District?
Cumbria - NE England
34
How many tourists go to the Lake District each year?
12 million
35
When did the lake district become a national park?
1951
36
Name four physical attractions in the Lake District?
1. ) lakes
2. ) glaciated scenery
3. ) waterfalls
4. ) mountains
37
Name three human attractions in the Lake District?
1. ) Beatrix Potters house
2. ) towns and villages
3. ) historical buildings
38
What are three popular activities in the Lake District?
1. ) walking
2. ) climbing
3. ) sailing
39
What are four negative impacts of tourism in the Lake District?
1. ) congestion as 89% visitors come by car
2. ) footpath erosion in honeypot sites
3. ) pressure on property as 20% of houses are second homes increased property prices
4. ) fast vehicles on lakes causes problems, wash erodes shore
40
What are three positive impacts of tourism in the Lake District?
1. ) jobs created in tourism
2. ) income from holiday accommodations
3. ) farmers can diversify to make more money
41
How are the Lake District trying to manage the traffic?
Park and ride schemes to reduce cars
42
What is the managements strategy for footpaths and road sides in the lake district?
Roadsides fenced off so cars can't damage verges, designated picnic areas, footpaths are repaired, fences off paths
43
How is the Lake District trying to control the environmental problems in the lake?
Speed limit on lake Windermere, reduces noise and wash on shore
44
What stage of the model is the Lake District in?
Consolidation
45
What stage of the model is Blackpool in?
Decline
46
Where is Blackpool?
NW English, Lancashire coast
47
What are four attractions in blackpool?
1. ) typical seaside resort, sea and sand
2. ) Blackpool tower
3. ) tower ballroom
4. ) Blackpool illuminations
48
What three reasons caused the tourism in Blackpool to grow in the 1960s?
1. ) railway linked Blackpool and Manchester
2. ) factory workers visited Blackpool on bank holidays
3. ) paid annual holidays
49
How long have seaside resorts been declining for?
40 years
50
How many hotels and holiday flats closed in Blackpool?
1000 hotels ceased trading
| 300 holiday flats closed
51
How much have visitor numbers dropped in Blackpool?
From 17 million to 11 million
52
What are seven reasons which caused tourism to decline in Blackpool?
1. ) unreliable summer weather
2. ) beach and sea water pollution
3. ) unemployment out of seasons
4. ) families frightened off
5. ) over crowding
6. ) traffic jams
7. ) cheap holidays abroad more appealing
53
What are seven management strategies to try and improve tourism in blackpool?
1. ) smarten up tourist areas
2. ) investment in Blackpool illuminations
3. ) off season events
4. ) all weather attractions
5. ) pleasure beach and water world
6. )beaches have been cleaned
7. ) tried to get the super casino and failed
54
Where's the case study for mass tourism?
Kenya
55
How many national parks and game reserves are in Kenya?
45
56
Why three reasons are there for the tourism increasing in Kenya?
1. ) charter flights in the 1960s meant people could get there more easily
2. ) government promoted tourism to tackle the unemployment and poverty
3. ) didn't have civil war like neighbouring countries
57
What are five physical attractions for mass tourism in Kenya?
1. ) big five
2. ) mountains - mount Kenya
3. ) coasts
4. ) coral reefs - over 240 species
5. ) climate - warm
58
What are seven human attractions for mass tourism in Kenya?
1. ) safaris
2. ) balloon safaris
3. ) treks up the mountain
4. ) visiting the local tribes - Masai Mara
5. ) glass bottom boat trips to see the coral reefs
6. ) colourful bazaars
7. ) nice accomdation
59
What are four benefit of mass tourism in Kenya?
1. ) Kenya is poor and so relies on tourism
2. ) provides jobs
3. ) other sectors benefit - multiplier effect
4. ) more surviving wildlife because of the national parks and game reserves
60
How much money did mass tourism produce for Kenya in 2007?
1 billion
61
How many jobs did mass tourism produce in 2007?
250 000
62
What are six problems with mass tourism in Kenya?
1. ) visitor numbers fluctuate
2. ) boats drop anchors damaging coral reefs
3. ) drivers leave tracks to get closer to animals, soil erosion
4. ) wildlife numbers now decling
5. ) Masai Mara driven off their land
6. ) very little money benefits the Masia Mara tribes
63
What are four strategies to cope with the mass tourism in Kenya?
1. ) diversify tourist range - canoeing and rafting
2. ) get better distribution reduce pressure on honey pots
3. ) curb tourist numbers in over visited parks
4. ) ecotourism
64
How does Kenya aim to curb tourist numbers in over visited parks?
Doubling park entry fees and higher minimum prices on hotels
65
Where is a place that has ecotourism?
Kenya - Masai Mara national reserve
66
What is the ecotourism project in Kenya called and why was it set up?
1. ) base camp project by local Masai people
| 2. ) although tourism brought economic benefits the local Masia Mara didn't gain anything so ecotourism means they do
67
What five things make ecotourism in Kenya socially sound?
1. ) joint project with the people
2. ) local people have control
3. ) training and education for locals
4. ) new health clinic set up
5. ) water and power supplies which they didn't have before
68
What stage of the model is Kenya mass tourism in?
Consolidation
69
What three things about ecotourism in Kenya make it economically sound?
1. ) Masai Mara get a regular pay
2. ) new jobs as tour guides
3. ) souvenirs labels mean person who made it gets the money
70
What four things about ecotourism in Kenya makes it environmentally sound?
1. ) reforestation
2. ) tourist accommodation have little impact on the environment
3. ) tours are by foot reducing erosion
4. ) projects protects wildlife
71
Where is a place with an extreme environment and tourism?
Antarctica
72
What stage of the model is Antarctica in?
Involvement
73
What are six main facts about tourism in Antarctica?
1. ) small scale tourism began in 1950s
2. ) 40 000 tourists each year
3. ) 100 companies involved
4. ) arrive by cruise ships, no airports
5. ) between mid November to mid march
6. ) little space for tourism as 99% is covered in ice
74
What are four attractions in Antarctica?
1. ) magnificent scenery
2. ) wildlife, penguins
3. ) remoteness and extreme environment adds a sense of adventure
4. ) good activities offered
75
What activities are offered in Antarctica?
Walking, kayaking, skiing, climbing and helicopter flights
76
What are five problems with tourism in Antarctica?
1. ) disturbed birds can abandon eggs
2. ) tourists trample slow growing fragile plants
3. ) litter may be left
4. ) size of tourism is increasing
5. ) possible oil spills can harm wildlife
77
What are three benefits of tourism in Antarctica?
1. ) money contributes to conserving it
2. ) visitors become advocates
3. ) tourism has conserved important sites like Scott's Hut
78
What group protects Antarctica from tourism?
The internal association of Antarctica tour operators
79
What are nine protective measures in place in Antarctica?
1. ) groups of no more than 100
2. ) can't take away souvenirs
3. ) can't leave waste
4. ) can't go within 5m of wildlife
5. ) can't walk on lichens
6. ) not allowed to specific sites of interest
7. ) responsible tour operators
8. ) no ship can land in Antarctica with more than 500 people on it
9. ) a permit must be gained for any activities
80
What is the case study for a UDC?
London docklands - LDDC
81
What does LDDC stand for?
London docklands development corporation
82
When did the London docklands begin?
From 1981
83
What does UDC stand for?
Urban development corporation
84
What are three economic successes of the LDDC?
1. ) 1.9 billion in public sector investments and 7.7 billion in the private sector
2. ) 85 000 people work there
3. ) 2700 businesses there
85
What are two social successes of the LDDC?
1. ) 24 045 homes built
| 2. ) funding towards new schools
86
What are three environmental success of LDDC?
1. ) 144km new and improved roads
2. ) docklands light railway way built
3. ) 762 ha derelict land was reclaimed and made attractive
87
What are four limited of the LDDC?
1. ) jobs moved from other parts of Britain
2. ) conflicts of interest between newcomers and original residents
3. ) jobs didn't match the skills of the local people
4. ) house prices rose
88
What are the two case studies for sustainable urban living?
BedZED and Curitiba
89
What is the case study for sustainable urban living in a MEDC?
BedZED
90
What is the case study for sustainable urban living in a LEDC?
Curitiba
91
Where is BedZED?
Wallington, South London
92
What does BedZED stand for ?
Beddington zero energy development
93
When did people move into the first 100 homes in the BedZED?
2002
94
What are seven strategies to reduce energy uses in BedZED?
1. ) 10% typical UKs heating requirements
2. ) 10% construction materials were from waste
3. ) workspace for 100 people
4. ) community facilities
5. ) located in bus route
6. ) 5 min from a train
7. ) pay as you drive car scheme encourages only essential car use
95
Where is Curritba and what is it to that country?
Brazil, capital city
96
What is the plan for sustainable living in Curitiba called?
1968 Curitiba Master Plan
97
What is the population in Curitiba ?
1.8 million
98
What is Curitiba seen as a role model for?
For planning and sustainability in cities worldwide
99
What are eight strategies for sustainable urban living on Curitiba?
1. ) control urban sprawl
2. ) reduce traffic in city centres
3. ) develop public transport
4. ) sustainability
5. ) look after the environment
6. ) ensuring a good quality of life
7. ) persevere historic centre
8. ) new policy to provide 50 000 homes for the Urban's poorest
100
What is the BRT I'm Curitiba?
The bus rapid transport system
101
What special about the BRT being in Curritba?
First Brazilian city to have a dedicated bus lane
102
What are four facts about the BRT system in curitiba?
1. ) direct bus lanes which operate from key points
2. ) speedy buses which operate on 5 main routes it the city
3. ) inner district busses join up districts without crossing the city centre
4. ) feeder mini buses which pick people up from residential areas
103
Where is a place that is suffering from traffic problems?
The London congestion
104
What are the six aims if the London congestion charge?
1. ) discourage drivers using zones at peak times
2. ) encourage the use of public transport
3. ) reduce congestion
4. ) reduce time spent in queues
5. ) reduce pollution
6. ) money from it is used to improve public transport
105
What are four results of London congestion charge?
1. ) traffic congestion, pollution and accidents has decreased
2. ) increased investment in public transport
3. ) bus services more reliable
4. ) retail inside congestion charging zone has increased
106
How much are drivers charged for driving into the congestion charge zone in London?
8 pounds
107
When was the London congestion charge zone introduced?
2003
108
How much are you fined for non payment in the London congestion zone?
60 - 180 pounds
109
Who doesn't have to pay and who gets a discount?
Taxis, emergency services and alternative fuel vehicles don't have to pay
Residents get a discount
110
Where is a place that is trying to rejuvenate its CBD?
Leeds
111
What are nine strategies to rejuvenate Leeds?
1. ) beautification, hanging baskets
2. ) pedestrianisation
3. ) attractive street furniture
4. ) improves and attractive signage
5. ) all weather shopping developments
6. ) CCTV, crime reducing
7. ) residential developments
8. ) land scaping
9. ) bus lane
112
What's the case study for sustainable communities?
New Islington
113
Where is new Islington?
Manchester
114
How long has the sustainable community been in new Islington for?
From 2003
115
How does a sustainable community allow people to live?
With housing of an acceptable standard, access to jobs, education and health care and a reasonable quality of life
116
What are three social success of the sustainable community in new Islington?
1. ) primary school and play area
2. ) health centre
3. ) football pitch
117
What are five environmental success about the sustainable community in new Islington?
1. ) 300 new trees
2. ) park and gardens
3. ) orchards and a beach
4. ) thermal energy is used
5. ) recycling collection means 50% waste is collected
118
What are four economic success of the sustainable community in new Islington?
1. ) 66 houses, 200 ground floor apartments
2. ) 10 new shops
3. ) pubs, restaurants, cafés and bars
4. ) metro link is within 10 mins of walking
119
What is an example of a city challenge patnership?
Hulme
120
Where is Hulme?
Manchester
121
When did the city challenge partnership begin in Hulme?
From 1992
122
What is the key to success for a city challenge partnership?
Views of the local people were taken into account
123
What are two social success of the city challenge partnership in Hulme?
1. ) friendly welcoming architecture
| 2. ) homes designed to conserve water and be energy efficient
124
What are four environmental successes of the city challenge partnership in Hulme?
1. ) varied accommodation for all sort of families
2. ) old church was developed for facilities for dance and art
3. ) schools built
4. ) Hulme park play and sports area
125
Where is the case study for segregation?
Leeds
126
What are six solutions to the segregation in Leeds?
1. ) improving literacy rates where English is the 2nd language
2. ) increasing children achievements
3. ) increasing employment
4. ) increasing access to information and training
5. ) increasing community involvement
6. ) provided facilities for all sections of the communities to encourage meetings
127
What are the two case studies for solving urban problems?
Cairo and Mexico City
128
Where is Cairo?
Egypt
129
What is the population of Cairo?
11 million estimates at 16 million
130
What is bad with the traffic and what are the four solutions for it in Cairo?
There is bad congestion
1. ) new ring road built to bypass the city centre
2. ) Cairo metro is now used by 2 million commuters each day
3. ) train services well organised and air conditions
4. ) clean stations with TV
131
How is Cairo solving its problem with waste?
The Zabaleen which are donkey carts collect the waste
132
What is the solution to cope with sewage in Cairo?
Great Cairo Sewage Project, aims to repair cities damages sewers and extend the sewers to areas without as sewage is common on the streets here
133
How many homes have been set up in the cities of the dead?
2 to 3 million
134
What is the average living space in Cairo ?
2 metres squared
135
What are three strategies to cope with the housing problems in Cairo?
1. ) construct over 40 new satellite settlements which can house 15 million people
2. ) loans and mortgages offered on good terms to attract residents
3. ) new super highway provide links to Cairo
136
What are the four main problems in Mexico City?
1. ) bad traffic congestion which causes air pollution
2. ) pollutants are easily trapped as it is in a mountain basin
3. ) underground water supplies are being used up really quickly
4. ) faces huge problems providing enough water
137
How much has Mexico sunk over the last century?
7 metres
138
Why doesn't Mexico City deal with its environmental problems?
Human problems are too great so there is little money or time to deal with these problems, they have low priority
139
Where is the case study for a squatter settlement?
São Paulo
140
Where is São Paulo?
Brazil
141
São Paulo is Brazils biggest city and how many people live in squatter settlements there?
2.5 million of the 18 million people there
142
What is Brazils largest favela called and how many people live there?
Paraisoplois, 80 000
143
What are seven improvements made to the paraisoplois?
1. ) links to main service network in São Paulo have been improved
2. ) piped water and electricity
3. ) schools built
4. ) housing market now exists
5. ) many residents have low skilled jobs
6. ) in 2008 Brazils biggest chain store opened
7. ) businesses no longer have to pay to the criminal organisation in the slums
