Human Communicable Disease

Question 1

What makes something a pathogen?

Answer 1

A microorganism must:
-gain entry to the host
-colonise the tissues of the host
-resist the defences of the host
-cause damage to the host tissues

Question 2

What are pathogens?

Answer 2

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

Question 3

What do bacteria release?

Answer 3

Poisons or TOXINS

Question 4

How can bacterial infections be treated?

Answer 4

Antibiotics

Question 5

What diseases are cause by bacteria?

Answer 5

-food poisoning
-cholera
-typhoid
-whooping cough
-gonnorhoea

Question 6

Which pathogen is smaller, viruses or bacteria?

Answer 6

Viruses

Question 7

How do viruses damage the body?

Answer 7

-reproduce inside host cells
-burst the host cell open
-destroys cell

Question 8

What are antibodies?

Answer 8

specific molecules produced by lymphocytes that bind to antigens

Question 9

What are Antibiotics

Answer 9

drugs made by fungi that kill, or prevent the growth of bacteria

Question 10

What is an antigen?

Answer 10

unique molecules on the cell surface of pathogens

Question 11

What is an antitoxin?

Answer 11

a substance produced by lymphocytes that neutralises toxins produced by bacteria

Question 12

What is a phagocyte?

Answer 12

a type of white blood cell that engulfs pathogens to destroy them

Question 13

What are pathogens?

Answer 13

microorganisms that cause infectious disease

Question 14

What is in a vaccine?

Answer 14

dead or inactive pathogenic material used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy pers

Question 15

What is a lymphocyte?

Answer 15

a type of white blood cell that can produce antibodies and antitoxins

Question 16

Give examples of pathogens

Answer 16

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists

Question 17

What happens in virus replication?

Answer 17

• The virus injects DNA into the host cell
• The host cell uses the viral DNA to produce viral proteins
• The viral DNA replicates
• New viruses are produced
• The host cell is destroyed and viruses are released
• The new viruses then attack other cells.

Question 18

What is an STD?

Answer 18

A sexually transmitted disease

Question 19

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 19

A disease that can be spread from person to person

Question 20

What is a non-communicable disease?

Answer 20

A disease that cannot be spread from person to person

Question 21

What is malaria?

Answer 21

• A disease transmitted by mosquitoes
• It is caused by a single celled parasite called Plasmodium, a protocist

Question 22

What groups of people are most at risk to disease?

Answer 22

• Infants
• Children under 5
• Pregnant women
• Those who are HIV positive

Question 23

What is the life cycle of Plasmodium?

Answer 23

• First of all, a mosquito bites a human who is infected with malaria.
• It sucks up human blood containing the Plasmodium parasite
• Then if the mosquito bites another person they get the parasite
injected into their bloodstream

Question 24

Why is malaria difficult to treat?

Answer 24

-The disease has many different phases when the parasites are in the
bloodstream/inside the liver/inside red blood cells

-it is difficult to develop drugs to treat it as the parasites
are sometimes hidden inside the body cells.

-most drugs would only target one form of the parasite and
would leave other forms untouched.

-The parasite has developed resistance to many of the anti-malarial
drugs.

Question 25

Give some Symptoms of malaria

Answer 25

Headache Fever Chills Sweats Dry cough Nausea Vomiting Fatigue

Question 26

What are antibiotics?

Answer 26

• Drugs that kill bacteria inside your body without damaging body cells

Question 27

What are antiseptics!

Answer 27

Substances used on living surfaces to destroy microorganisms

Question 28

What are disinfectants?

Answer 28

Substances used on non-living surfaces to destroy microorganisms

Question 29

What is the name of the specific procedures used to prevent unwanted microorganisms from contaminating the clinical specimen?

Answer 29

Aseptic technique

Question 30

Bacteria multiply by splitting in two. How fast do bacteria grow?

Answer 30

Once every 20 minutes

Question 31

Why do we seal the Petri dish with sticky tape?

Answer 31

-To reduce the evaporation or drying of the agar -Nothing from outside can get in

Question 32

What are antibodies?

Answer 32

Proteins produced in the body in response to a specific antigen as part of the immune response.

Question 33

What are white blood cells?

Answer 33

Blood cells that help the human immune system fight infection and disease ( examples are lymphocytes and phagocytes)

Question 34

What is an antigen?

Answer 34

An antigen is a marker (like a protein flag) that tells your immune system whether something in your body is harmful or not. The antigens on pathogens are very different to the antigens that cover our human body cells They signal to your white blood cells in the immune system to produce an immune response. Every cell has its own specific antigen to tell the body what it is, for example bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, every human body cell from different location

Question 35

How can white blood cells destroy pathogens?

Answer 35

They can engulf pathogens and destroy them • They can produce specific antibodies to the antigen to destroy them • They can produce antitoxins that neutralise the toxins released by the pathogen

Question 36

What is in a vaccine?

Answer 36

Dead or inactive pathogens

Question 37

Who produces the antibodies in active immunity?

Answer 37

The infected person

Question 38

Who produces the antibodies in passive immunity?

Answer 38

Different person or animal

Question 39

What are some other key points about active immunity?

Answer 39

Works slowly Lasts for a long time Occurs after illness or vaccination

Question 40

What are some key points about passive immunity?

Answer 40

Works quick Lasts for a short time Occurs when a baby recite bee antibodies from mother

Question 41

Fill the gaps: The substances made by white blood cells to kill pathogens are called ........................................ . The substances made by white blood cells to counteract poisons produced by pathogens are called ........................................ . Medicines which kill bacteria are called ........................................ .

Answer 41

Antibodies Antitoxins Antibiotics