Human Dev, Diversity, and Behavior in social env

Question 1

Who developed lifespan development theory?

Answer 1

Erik Erikson

Question 2

What are the 3 basic aspects of identity according to lifespan development theory?

Answer 2

Ego identity: personal continuity, integrating one’s most important, basic, and private beliefs about the self and how those aspects change or remain the same across time.
Personal identity: how one defines one’s values or goals to others.
Social identity: emphasis on the connection one has to a larger group.

Question 3

What is the Identity Status Approach?

Answer 3

Jim Marcia’s application of Erikson’s lifespan development theory (especially personal identity). Focused on how an individual finds their role in society, how they explore and commit to various identity domains (like politics and religion). Key words: achievement (commitment with exploration), moratorium (exploring without committing), foreclosure (commitment without exploration), and diffusion (no exploration or commitment).

Question 4

What is the Narrative Identity Approach?

Answer 4

Rooted in Erikson’s writings on ego identity. The emphasis is the need for an individual to find and establish a sense of personal continuity through time by managing and making sense of inevitable personal changes that occur across a lifespan. Will form a coherent story that explains how one has changed and remained the same. Key words: autobiographical reasoning (reflecting on past experiences and connecting to current understanding of self).

Question 5

Identity development in infancy.

Answer 5

Understanding that one’s body is one’s own, recognition of self, early awareness of the body.

Question 6

Identity development in childhood.

Answer 6

Understanding the body as separate from others and the ability to engage in increasingly autonomous behaviors. Opportunity to like and dislike activities and begin to develop self-concept, which addresses their likes, dislikes, skills, traits, and evaluation of abilities. Increases in complexity and coherence across childhood and may have potential conflict (with parents or friends).

Question 7

Identity development in adolescence.

Answer 7

This is when individuals start to integrate the increasing multiple aspects of the self. Identity synthesis: when personal, ego, and social identities merge. Realization that childhood identifications are no longer useful, gain new cognitive skills to self explore, think more abstractly, new ways of thinking, renegotiation of friendships and relationships with parents.

Question 8

Identity development in emerging adulthood.

Answer 8

Building on findings in adolescence, when a lot of the action happens. More self-focus, engaging in role experimentation, defining self as part of a larger society.

Question 9

Identity development in adulthood.

Answer 9

With some events transforming identity (marriage, parenthood, job loss, illness, widowhood). Usually a deepening of one’s commitment, not a dramatic shift.

Question 10

Identity development in older adulthood.

Answer 10

Maintaining self-efficacy, meaning-making, finding peace and integrity with who one is.

Question 11

Systems Theory Overview

Answer 11

Views human behavior through larger contexts such as members of families, communities and broader society. When one thing changes in a system, everything is affected. Systems tend toward equilibrium and can have closed or open boundaries.

Question 12

Systems theory term: closed system

Answer 12

uses up its energy and dies

Question 13

Systems theory term: differentiation

Answer 13

becoming specialized in structure and function

Question 14

Systems theory term: entropy

Answer 14

closed, disorganized, stagnant; using up available energy

Question 15

Systems theory term: equifinality

Answer 15

arriving at the same end from different beginnings

Question 16

Systems theory term: homeostasis

Answer 16

steady state

Question 17

Systems theory term: input

Answer 17

obtaining resources from the environment that are necessary to attain the goals of the system

Question 18

Systems theory term: negative entropy

Answer 18

exchange of energy and resources between systems that promote growth and transformation

Question 19

Systems theory term: open system

Answer 19

a system with cross-boundary exchange

Question 20

Systems theory term: output

Answer 20

a product of the system that exports to the environment

Question 21

Systems theory term: subsystem

Answer 21

a major component of a system made up of two or more interdependent components that interact in order to attain their own purpose and the purpose of the system in which they are embedded

Question 22

Systems theory term: suprasystem

Answer 22

an entity that is served by a number of component systems organized in interacting relationships

Question 23

Systems theory term: throughput

Answer 23

energy that is integrated into the system so it can be used by the system to accomplish its goals

Question 24

Systems theory - micro, macro, mezzo

Answer 24

need to understand interactions between these systems as problems in one part may impact another - ecomaps and genograms are helpful to understand this - as is understanding “person in environment” - problems and change are viewed within larger contexts

Question 25

Family systems approach

Answer 25

in order to understand a family system, you must look at the family as a whole rather than focusing on its individual members

Question 26

Family systems theory

Answer 26

searches for the causes of behavior, not in the individual alone, but in the interactions among the members of a group - basic rationale is that all parts of the family are interrelated

Question 27

Family systems approach - basic assumptions

Answer 27

each family is unique, a healthy family has flexibility, consistent structure, and effective exchange of information - a family is an interactional system - shifting boundaries and varying degrees of resistance to change - families strive for a sense of balance of homeostasis -

Question 28

Family systems: feedback loops

Answer 28

negative feedback loops are patterns of interaction that maintain stability or constancy while minimizing change, help maintain homeostasis - positive feedback loops are patterns of interaction that facilitate change or movement toward growth or dissolution

Question 29

Family systems: equifinality

Answer 29

families are seen to being goal oriented - equifinality refers to the ability of the family system to accomplish the same goals through different routes

Question 30

Family systems: subsystems

Answer 30

conflicts often occur when members or tasks associated with a subsystem become blurred with other subsystems (parentified child, child becoming involved in marital issues)

Question 31

Family systems: boundaries

Answer 31

occurring at every level of the system and between subsystems - influence the movement of people and flow of information in and out of the system - open or closed boundaries

Question 32

Family systems: interdependence

Answer 32

what one family member does influences other members

Question 33

Genograms

Answer 33

diagrams of family relationships beyond a family tree - alcoholism, divorce, illness - all giving insight into current state of a family