Human Development Flashcards

Question

What is cognitive language development?

Answer 1

The communication of thoughts and feelings through symbols that are arranged according to the rules of grammar.

Answer 2

A child’s vocabulary expands between the ages of 2 to 6 from about 200 words to over 10,000 words through a process called fast-mapping. Words are easily learned by making connections between new words and concepts already known. The parts of speech that are learned depend on the language and what is emphasized. Children speaking verb-friendly languages such as Chinese and Japanese as well as those speaking English tend to learn nouns more readily. But those learning less verb-friendly languages such as English seem to need assistance in grammar to master the use of verbs (Imai, et als, 2008). Children are also very creative in creating their own words to use as labels such as a “take-care-of” when referring to John, the character on the cartoon, Garfield, who takes care of the cat.

Answer 3

Children learn rules of grammar as they learn language but may apply these rules inappropriately at first. For instance, a child learns to ad “ed” to the end of a word to indicate past tense. Then form a sentence such as “I goed there. I doed that.” This is typical at ages 2 and 3. They will soon learn new words such as went and did to be used in those situations.

Answer 4

A holophrase is a single-word phrase such as Okay that expresses a complete, meaningful thought

Answer 5

Telegraphic speech is a fancy name for two-word sentences.

Answer 6

"application of a principle of regular change to a word that changes irregularly." Examples of overregularization in verb use include using the word comed instead of came.

Answer 7

Cognitive in nature, Kohlberg's theory focuses on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behaviour is right or wrong. Thus, the theoretical emphasis is on how one decides to respond to a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one actually does.

Answer 8

1) pre conventional 2) conventional 3) post conventional

Answer 9

morality is externally controlled. Rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards. This perspective involves the idea that what is right is what one can get away with or what is personally satisfying.

Answer 10

characterized by an individuals’ understanding of universal ethical principles. These are abstract and ill-defined, but might include: the preservation of life at all costs, and the importance of human dignity.

Answer 11

identifies the ethical reasoning of moral actors who make decisions based on rights, values, duties, or principles that are (or could be) universalizable. doing something that you think is right that is not normally accepted.

Answer 12

– Trust versus Mistrust – Initiative versus Guilt – Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt – Industry versus Inferiority – Identity versus Role Diffusion – Intimacy versus Isolation – Generativity versus Stagnation – Ego Integrity versus Despair

Answer 13

If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

Answer 14

Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Answer 15

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

Answer 16

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

Answer 17

teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

Answer 18

Young adults struggle to form close relation- ships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Answer 19

When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

Answer 20

An emotional tie that is formed between one animal or person and another specific individual.

Answer 21

Three measures were recorded: Stranger Anxiety - response to arrival of a stranger. Separation Anxiety - distress level when separated from carer, degree of comfort needed on return. Social Referencing - degree that child looks at carer to check how they should respond to something new (secure base)

Answer 22

Secure, Avoidant, and Ambivalent/Resistant.

Answer 23

As you and your baby connect with one another, your baby learns how to have a healthy sense of self and how to be in a loving, empathetic relationship.

Answer 24

Avoidant attachment is an attachment style a child develops when their parent or main caretaker doesn't show care or responsiveness past providing essentials like food and shelter. The child disregards their own struggles and needs in order to maintain peace and keep their caregiver close by.

Answer 25

Children who have a resistant (ambivalent) attachment pattern are thought to maintain proximity to their caregiver by 'up-regulating' their attachment behaviour: when they are separated from a caregiver, they may become very distressed and may be angry, and resist contact when the caregiver return.

Answer 26

Stages of Attachment – Initial-Preattachment Phase – Attachment-in-the-Making Phase – Clear-Cut-Attachment Phase

Answer 27

Newborns call caregivers to their side. They will cry or smile, which helps keep people close by. Infants may recognize their caregivers, but they do not show a preference for them over strangers.

Answer 28

Infants show a preference for familiar people. They are more interactive with familiar people and are more easily comforted by them. But infants are still happy to spend some time with strangers.

Answer 29

Here, infants and toddlers show clear attachment to primary caregivers. They begin using their caregivers as a secure base.

Answer 30

The theory proposes that children attach to carers instinctively, for the purpose of survival and, ultimately, genetic replication. The biological aim is survival and the psychological aim is security. The relationship that a child has with their attachment figure is especially important in threatening situations.

Answer 31

The behavioral theory of attachment suggests that an infant would form an attachment with a caregiver that provides food. In contrast, Harlow's explanation was that attachment develops as a result of needing tactile comfort, such as wanting to touch and cling to something or someone for emotional support.

Answer 32

babies are biologically prepared to contribute actively to establish a bond with their caregivers, which promotes the chances for their individual genes to survive.

Answer 33

Imprinting occurs when an animal forms an attachment to the first thing it sees upon hatching. Lorenz discovered that newly hatched goslings would follow the first moving object they saw — often Lorenz himself.

Answer 34

In this parenting style, the parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children. They attempt to control children's behavior by explaining rules, discussing, and reasoning. They listen to a child's viewpoint but don't always accept it.

Answer 35

Authoritarian parenting is an extremely strict parenting style. It places high expectations on children with little responsiveness. As an authoritarian parent, you focus more on obedience, discipline, control rather than nurturing your child.

Answer 36

Permissive parenting, sometimes called “indulgent parenting,” is a style of child-rearing that features two key traits: being nurturing and warm (which is good for kids), and. being reluctant to impose limits (which is problematic)

Answer 37

*The period during which the body becomes sexually mature. *Begins with the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics that serve to separate the sexes.

Answer 38

Cognitive development means the growth of a child's ability to think and reason. This growth happens differently from ages 6 to 12, and from ages 12 to 18. Children ages 6 to 12 years old develop the ability to think in concrete ways. These are called concrete operations.

Answer 39

The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem. The individual in the formal stage is also able to think abstractly and tounderstand the form or structure of a mathematical problem.

Answer 40

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by the capacity to take account of other people's thoughts, as Elkind (1967, 1030) describes, 'It is this belief that others are preoccupied with his appearance and behavior that constitutes the egocentrism of the adolescent.

Answer 41

the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individuals.

Answer 42

Ego identity is the sense of identity that provides individuals with the ability to experience their sense of who they are, and also act on that sense, in a way that has continuity and sameness. The most influential theorist in this area, Erikson (1968) described ego identity as a means for continuity of the person

Answer 43

Role diffusion is defined by the authors as the process of assuming or being appointed to roles and duties that individuals from other fields or specialties are equally qualified to perform in the work environment.

Answer 44

Menopause is a point in time 12 months after a woman's last period. The years leading up to that point, when women may have changes in their monthly cycles, hot flashes, or other symptoms, are called the menopausal transition or perimenopause. The menopausal transition most often begins between ages 45 and 55.

Answer 45

Some men develop depression, loss of sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and other physical and emotional symptoms when they reach their late 40s to early 50s. Other symptoms common in men this age are: mood swings and irritability.

Answer 46

a combination of behavioral incidents directed toward a particular goal or outcome

Answer 47

The wear and tear theory of aging is an idea proposed by German biologist, Dr. August Wiesmann, in 1882. The theory suggests that aging results from a gradual deterioration of the cells and tissues of the body via wear and tear, oxidative stress, exposure to radiation, toxins, or other deteriorative processes.

Answer 48

the ability to utilize skills and knowledge acquired via prior learning  one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills  tends to increase with age

Answer 49

being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems.  ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly  tends to decrease during late adulthood

Answer 50

Intimacy versus Isolation: Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs. During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.

Answer 51

Age – 30 Transition

Answer 52

Generativity versus Stagnation: Generativity- the propensity and willingness to engage in acts that promote the wellbeing of younger generations as a way of ensuring the long-term survival of the species Stagnation- failure to find a way to contribute. – Midlife Transition * Midlife Crisis * Middlescence * Empty-Nest Syndrome

Answer 53

- Ego Integrity versus Despair - Successful Aging - On Death and Dying * The Five Stages

Answer 54

It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life.

Answer 55

According to the classic concept of Rowe and Kahn, successful ageing is defined as high physical, psychological, and social functioning in old age without major diseases

Human Development Flashcards

(79 cards)