Human Development

Question 1

Scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death

Answer 1

Human development

Question 2

One group of people is followed and assessed at different times as group ages

Answer 2

Longitudinal design

Question 3

Several age groups studied at one time

Answer 3

Cross-sectional design

Question 4

Combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional

Answer 4

Cross-sequential design

Question 5

Particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience

Answer 5

Cohort effect

Question 6

Heredity, the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Answer 6

Nature

Question 7

Influence of the environment on all of those same things and includes parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic factors, and anything that can have an influence on development that does not come from within the person

Answer 7

Nurture

Question 8

Field of study in which researchers try to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person’s experiences

Answer 8

Behavioral genetics

Question 9

Science of heredity

Answer 9

Genetics

Question 10

Special kind of molecule (the smallest particle of a substance that still has all the properties of that substance) that contains genetic material

Answer 10

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 11

Organic structures that contain genetic codes for building proteins that make up organic life (hair coloring, muscle, skin) and control the life of each cell

Answer 11

Amine

Question 12

Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements

Answer 12

Gene

Question 13

Rod-shaped structures, tightly wound strand of DNA, found in nucleus of cell

Answer 13

Chromosome

Question 14

Gene that actively controls the expression of a trait

Answer 14

Dominant

Question 15

Gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene

Answer 15

Recessive

Question 16

Almost all traits are influenced by more than one pair of genes

Answer 16

Polygenic inheritance

Question 17

Advantage of longitudinal design

Answer 17

Looking at real age-related changes as changes occur

Question 18

Disadvantage/s of longitudinal design

Answer 18

Lengthy amount of time, money, effort involved, loss of participants when they move away, lose interest, die

Question 19

Advantage/s of cross-sectional design

Answer 19

Quick, relatively inexpensive, easier to accomplish

Question 20

Disadvantage/s of cross-sectional design

Answer 20

Study no longer compares an individual to that same individual as they age

Question 21

Extra chromosome in what would normally be the 21st pair

Answer 21

Down syndrome

Question 22

Extra sex chromosome in 23rd pair XXY producing a male with reduced male characteristics

Answer 22

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Question 23

23rd pair is missing an x producing a female that tend to be short, infertile, underdeveloped

Answer 23

Turner’s syndrome

Question 24

Conception until actual birth is _ months

Answer 24

9

Question 25

When an egg (ovum) and a sperm unite

Answer 25

Fertilization

Question 26

The resulting single cell with a total of 46 chromosomes

Answer 26

Zygote

Question 27

Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo

Answer 27

Monozygotic twins

Question 28

Fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time

Answer 28

Dizygotic twins

Question 29

Possible causes of dizygotic twins

Answer 29

Women’s body may release more than one egg at a time or release an egg in a later ovulation period

Question 30

Study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine and how those advances should influence policies and practices

Answer 30

Bioethics

Question 31

Muscular organ that will contain and protect organism

Answer 31

Uterus

Question 32

Period in which zygote begins dividing and moving down to the uterus, attaches itself to wall/lining of uterus

Answer 32

Germinal period

Question 33

Specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away the waste products

Answer 33

Placenta

Question 34

Connecting organism to placenta

Answer 34

Umbilical cord

Question 35

Period in which cells begin to differentiate, or develop, into specialized cells in preparation for becoming all the various kinds of cells

Answer 35

Germinal period

Question 36

Once firmly attached to uterus, the developing organism is called

Answer 36

Embryo

Question 37

Period which lasts from 2 weeks after conception to 8 weeks, during which the major organs and structures develop

Answer 37

Embryonic period

Question 38

Times during which some environmental influences can have an impact—often devastating—on the development of the infant

Answer 38

Critical periods

Question 39

Any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect

Answer 39

Teratogen

Question 40

Series of physical and mental defects including stunted growth, facial deformities, and brain damage

Answer 40

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Question 41

Period of tremendous growth lasting from about 8 weeks after conception until birth

Answer 41

Fetal period

Question 42

At _ weeks, fetus is full term

Answer 42

38

Question 43

Most babies are born between _ and _ weeks

Answer 43

38; 40

Question 44

Babies born before 38 weeks

Answer 44

preterm

Question 45

Age of viability is between _ and _ weeks

Answer 45

22; 26

Question 46

Most likely time for miscarriage or spontaneous abortion

Answer 46

First 3 months

Question 47

Assumes that the longer an infant spends looking at a stimulus, the more the infant prefers that stimulus over others

Answer 47

Preferential looking

Question 48

Tendency for infants and adults to stop paying attention to a stimulus that does not change

Answer 48

Habituation

Question 49

5 reflexes

Answer 49

Grasping, startle (moro), rooting, stepping, sucking

Question 50

Order of motor development

Answer 50

Raising head and chest (2-4 months), rolling over (2-5 months), sitting up with support (4-6 months), sitting up without support (6-7 months), crawling (7-8 months), walking (8-18 months)

Question 51

Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells

Answer 51

Synaptic pruning

Question 52

Sense that is most developed at birth

Answer 52

Touch

Question 53

Sense that is second most developed at birth

Answer 53

Smell

Question 54

Sense that is third most developed at birth

Answer 54

Taste

Question 55

Sense that is fourth most developed at birth (functional, but may take a while to reach full potential)

Answer 55

Hearing

Question 56

Least functional sense

Answer 56

Vision

Question 57

The _, which see in black and white and have little visual acuity, are fairly well developed

Answer 57

Rods

Question 58

The _, which see color and provide sharpness, will take about another 6 months to fully develop

Answer 58

Cones

Question 59

Infants prefer to look at _ rather than _

Answer 59

Complex patterns; simple ones