human development 2 Flashcards
(40 cards)
what substage of peroperational development occurs between 2 and 4 years of age and is characterized by the child being able to mentally represent an object that is not present and a dependence on perception in problem solving
symbolic function
Two sub-stages of the Preoperational Stage
- Symbolic (2-4 years)
- Intuitive (4-7 years)
Rapid language acquisition
* Storytelling, fantasy
* Pretend play, dramatic acting
* Art: Drawing, painting
are examples of what kind of functioning?
symbolic
Pretend play is an example of what kind of functioning?
intuitive thought
what substage of preoperational development is marked by greater dependence on intuitive thinking rather than just perception
lasting from 4 to 7 years,
intuitive thought
Three inhibitions to preoperational thinking?
egocentrism, perceptual salience, and animism
children reason, not based on what they know, but based on what they perceive (ie.g., see and hear) in the present local context
perceptual salience
The tendency of young children not to be able to take the perspective of others, and instead the child thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do
egocentrism
attributing life-like qualities to objects
animism
primary limitation of thought during the intuitive substage
centration
Inability to conserve
Classification errors
understanding is dominated (i.e., centered on) a single feather– the most perceptually salient one. At this age, children cannot hold or coordinate two features of an object at the same time
centration
Three themes are often identified with ___________’s ideas of sociocultural learning: (1) human development and learning originate in social, historical, and cultural interactions, (2) the use of psychological tools, particularly language, mediates the development of higher mental functions, and (3) learning occurs within the Zone of Proximal Development.
Vygotsky’s
Vygotsky’s _________________ theory emphasizes the importance of culture and social interaction in the development of cognitive abilities
sociocultural theory
a learner actively acquires new culturally valuable skills and capabilities through a meaningful, collaborative activity with an assisting, more experienced other
guided participation
Vygotsky differed with Piaget in that he believed that a person not only has a set of actual abilities, but also a set of potential abilities that can be realized if given the proper guidance from others. He believed that through guided participation known as _________________, with a teacher or capable peer, a child can learn cognitive skills within a certain range known as the zone of proximal development.
scaffolding
what a learner can do with help from more competent others; sits in the gap between what a learner can do alone without help, and what the learner cannot yet do.
zone of proximal development
ygotsky’s theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture, and relies on cultural tools like language.
sociocultural theory
the ability to think about other people’s thoughts (also known as meta-cognition—that is, thinking about thinking)
theory of mind
understanding that other people experience mental states (for instance, thoughts, beliefs, feelings, or desires) that are different from our own, and that their mental states are what guide their behavior
theory of mind
This awareness of the existence of _________________ is part of social intelligence, such as recognizing that others can think differently about situations. It helps us to be self-conscious or aware that others can think of us in different ways and it helps us to be able to be understanding or be empathic toward others. Moreover, this “mind reading” ability helps us to anticipate and predict people’s actions. The awareness of the mental states of others is important for communication and social skills.
theory of mind
identifies 10 standards of __________________________________________
- Positive and caring relationships among all children and adults are promoted.
- The curriculum supports learning and development in social, emotional, physical, language, and cognitive areas.
- Teaching approaches are developmentally, culturally, and linguistically attuned.
4.Children’s progress is assessed to provide information on their learning and development. - Children’s health and nutrition are promoted, while they are protected from illness and injury.
6.Teachers possess the educational qualifications, knowledge, and commitment to promote children’s learning.
7.Collaborative relationships with families are established and maintained. - Relationships with agencies and institutions in the children’s communities are established to support the program’s goals.
- Indoor and outdoor physical environments are safe and well-maintained.
- Leadership and management personnel are well qualified, effective, and maintain licensure status with the applicable state agency.
early childhood education
benefits of early childhood education
lower high school dropout rates, lower unemployment rates, and lower rates of incarceration
spontaneous fun activity found at all ages and in all cultures. begins in infancy.
play
Children’s behavior seems more random and without a specific goal. This is the least common form of play.
unoccupied play
