Human Development Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What is an assumptions about brain development?
A
-Brain development an epigenetic process (not genetic)
2
Q
What are the 3 Periods of Prenatal development?
A
- Zygote (2 weeks): Fertilization, Implantation, Start of Placenta
- Embryo (6 weeks): Groundwork laid for all body, structure and internal organs
- Fetus (30 weeks): “growth and finishing” phase
3
Q
What are 2 things we know about brain growth?
A
- At birth, most neurons the brain will have are present
- By age 2 years, brain is 80% of adult size
4
Q
When is the first Trimester for a Fetus?
A
1-3 months
5
Q
What happens during the first trimester?
A
- Organs/muscles form
- nervous system starts to become organized and connected
- Lungs begin to expand and contract
6
Q
what period is the 2nd trimester?
A
3-6 months
7
Q
What happens during the second trimester?
A
- Many organs are well developed by 20 weeks.
- Most of the brains neurons are in place.
8
Q
What period is the 3rd trimester?
A
6-9 months
9
Q
What happens during the third trimester?
A
Fetus takes beginnings of personality.
10
Q
What are the baby’s adaptation to labor/delivery?
A
- High levels of stress hormones which:
1. help baby withstand oxygen deprivation
2. prepare baby to breathe
3. arouse infant into alertness
11
Q
To what extent can a newborn taste?
A
- have a preference for sweet tastes at birth
- can readily learn to like new tastes
12
Q
To what extent can a newborn smell?
A
- have odor preferences at birth
- can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth
13
Q
To what extent can a newborn hear?
A
- can hear a wide variety of sounds
- can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old
14
Q
What 2 hormones facilitate care giving?
A
Oxytocin and prolactin
15
Q
List 7 ways infants are social
A
- Arousal at sight of peers and mutual gaze (2 months)
- Social smiling
- Vocalizations (cooing)
- Reaching toward peers
- Reciprocity of gestures (6-9 months)
- Initiation and response to socially oriented behaviors increases with age (imitation)
- Facial expressions- interest, surprise, joy, distress
16
Q
In Bowlby’s early attachment theory, Children come into the world biologically, preprogramed to form attachments with others because it will help them what?
A
Survive
17
Q
In Harlow’s early attachment theory, a Mother’s love is seen as:
A
- Emotional (rather than purely physiological)
- for healthy psychological development
- capacity for attachment associated with critical periods in early life
18
Q
What are the 4 attachments types in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?
A
- Secure
- Insecure-avoidant
- Insecure-Ambivalent
- Insecure-Disorganized
19
Q
What does the child’s behavior look like in Secure attachment?
A
- Distressed when caregiver leaves
- happy when caregiver returns
- seeks comfort from caregiver when scared or sad
20
Q
What does the child’s behavior look like in Insecure-avoidant attachment?
A
- no distress when caregiver leaves
- does not acknowledge return of caregiver
- does not seek or make contact with caregiver
21
Q
What does the child’s behavior look like in Insecure-Ambivalent attachment?
A
- distress when caregiver leaves
- not comforted by return of caregiver
22
Q
What does the child’s behavior look like in Insecure-Disorganized attachment?
A
- no attaching behaviors
- often appear dazed, confused or apprehensive in presence of caregiver
23
Q
What does the CAREGIVERS’s behavior look like in Secure attachment type?
A
- react quickly and positively to child’s needs
- responsive to child’s needs
24
Q
In what attachment type is the CAREGIVER unresponsive, uncaring and dismissive to the child?
A
insecure-avoidant
25
In what attachment type does the CAREGIVER respond inconsistently to the child?
insecure-ambivalent
26
What does the CAREGIVERS's behavior look like in insecure-disorganized attachment type?
- abusive or neglectful
| - responds in fighting or frightened ways
27
What are 2 things you need to know about Articulatory development in infants?
1. cooing begins just before 3 months
| 2. babbling is typically between 6-10 months
28
What is the stage in Erikson's Stage of Development that occurs from Birth-18 months?
Trust Vs. Mistrust
29
what important event happens in Trust Vs. Mistrust?
Feeding
30
What is the outcome during the Trust Vs. Mistrust Stage?
- sense of trust when caregivers provide:
1. reliability
2. Care
3. Affection
(lack of this leads to mistrust)
31
What is the stage in Erikson's Stage of Development that occurs from 2-3 years old?
Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt
32
what important event happens in Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
Toilet Training
33
What is the outcome during the Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt Stage?
Developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and sense of independence
34
What is the stage in Erikson's Stage of Development that occurs from 3-5 years old?
Initiative vs. Guilt
35
what important event happens in Initiative vs. Guilt?
Exploration
36
What is the outcome during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
-child began asserting control/power over environment
```
Success= sense of purpose
Failure= exerting too much power -> disapproval -> sense of guild
```
37
What is the stage in Erikson's Stage of Development that occurs from 6-11 years old?
Industry vs. Inferiority
38
what important event happens inIndustry vs. Inferiority ?
School
39
What is the outcome during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
-Children cope with new social/academic demands
40
What is the stage in Erikson's Stage of Development that occurs from 12-18 years old?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
41
what important event happens in Identity vs. Role Confusion?
Social Relationships
42
What is the outcome during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
-Teens develop a sense of self and personal identity
Success: ability to stay true to self
Failure: weak sense of self
43
What is the stage in Erikson's Stage of Development that occurs from 19-40 years old?
intimacy Vs. Isolation
44
what important event happens in intimacy Vs. Isolation ?
relationships
45
What is the outcome during the intimacy Vs. Isolation stage?
-Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships
46
What are Piaget's stages+Ages of Cognitive Development?
1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
2. Pre-operational (2-7)
3. Concrete Operations (7-11)
4. Formal Operations (12+)
47
What are the 3 characteristics of the Sensorimotor Stage?
1. Children learn by doing: looking/touching/sucking.
2. primitive understanding of cause and effect relationships
3. object permanence (9 months)
48
In what Piaget Cognitive development stage is Egocentrism is evident?
Pre-Operational
49
In what Piaget Cognitive development stage do children start using language/symbols/letters/numbers
Pre-Operational
50
What are the characteristics of the Concrete Operations Stage?
Child demonstrates:
1. conservation
2. reversibility
3. serial ordering
4. mature understanding of cause and effect relationships
-Thinking is still concrete
51
In what Piaget Cognitive development stage can a person demonstrate abstract thinking?
Formal Operations
52
What are the characteristics of the Formal operations stage?
- deductive reasoning
- comparison
- classification
- logic
53
According to Baumrin's Parenting styles:
| High Demandingness + High responsiveness =
Authoritative Parenting
54
According to Baumrin's Parenting styles:
| High Demandingness + Low responsiveness =
Authoritarian Parenting
55
According to Baumrin's Parenting styles:
| Low Demandingness + High responsiveness =
Permissive Parenting
56
According to Baumrin's Parenting styles:
| Low Demandingness + Low responsiveness =
Rejecting/Neglecting Parenting
57
what is stage 1 in Piaget Moral Development? (including age)
Pre-Moral, 0-5 years old
58
what is stage 2 in Piaget Moral Development? (including age)
Heteronomous Morality/ Moral Realism, 5-9 years old
59
what is stage 3 in Piaget Moral Development? (including age)
Autonomous Morality/ Moral Relativism, 10+ years old
60
Describe Piaget's Pre-moral Period
Behavior is regulated from the outside
61
Describe Piaget's Heteronomous Morality/ Moral Realism period
- Rules are rigid and given by adults/God
- rules tell you what is right and wrong
- consequences dictate the severity of the behavior not the intentions
62
Describe Piaget's Autonomous Morality/ Moral Relativism period
- emphasizes cooperation
| - rules can be changed under certain circumstances and with mutual consent
63
What are Kohlbergs stages of moral development?
1. Preconventional Level
- Morality is externally controlled
2. Conventional Level
- conformity to social rules to maintain social system
3. Post Conventional
- Beyond unquestioned support, morality as abstract and applies to all situations
64
What are the 5 stages in Racial/Cultural identity Development?
```
Stage 1: Conformity
Stage 2: Dissonance
Stage 3: Resistance and Immersion
Stage 4: Introspection
Stage 5: Integrative awareness
```
65
In Marcias Identity development, High Commitment + High Exploration=
Identity Achievement
66
In Marcias Identity development, Low Commitment + High Exploration=
Moratorium (Crisis, Choice)
67
In Marcias Identity development, Low Commitment + Low Exploration=
Identity Diffusion (no choice)
68
In Marcias Identity development, High Commitment + Low Exploration=
Identity Foreclosure (expectations)
69
What are Fowler's Stages of Faith (0-6)?
```
Stage 0- Primal or Undifferentiated Faith
Stage 1- Intuitive-Projective
Stage 2- Mythic-Literal
Stage 3- Synthetic-Conventional
Stage 4- Individuative-Reflective
Stage 5-Conjunctive
Stage 6- Universalizing
```
70
Primal or Undifferentiated Faith occurs during what age?
birth to 2 years
71
Primal or Undifferentiated Faith is characterized by
•an early learning of the safety of their environment (i.e. warm,
safe and secure vs. hurt, neglect and abuse)
•Development of a sense of trust/safety about the universe/divine
•negative experiences causing one to develop distrust with the universe/divine.
72
Intuitive-Projective Faith occurs during what age?
3-7 years old
73
During what Stage of Fowler's stage of faith is Religion learned daily through experiences, stories, images and the people that one comes in contact with?
Intuitive-Projective Faith
74
Mythic-Literal Faith occurs during what age?
Mostly in School Aged Children
75
Mythic-Literal Faith is characterized by:
* strong belief in the justice and reciprocity of the universe
* metaphors and symbolic language that are often misunderstood and are taken literally
76
Synthetic-Conventional Faith occurs during what age?
Arises in Adolescence, age 12-adulthood
77
Synthetic Conventional Faith is characterized by:
- conformity to religious authority & the development of a personal identity
- any conflicts with one's beliefs are ignored at this stage due to the fear of threat from inconsistencies
78
Individuative-Reflective Faith occurs during what age?
Mid-twenties to late Thirties
79
Individuative-Reflective Faith is characterized by:
- angst and struggle
- individual takes personal responsibility for their beliefs and feelings
- openness to a new complexity of faith
- increased awareness of conflicts in beliefs
80
Conjunctive Faith occurs during what age?
"Mid-life Crisis"
81
Conjunctive faith is characterized by:
-acknowledging paradox and transcendence relating reality behind the symbols of
inherited systems
- individual resolves conflicts from previous stages by a complex understanding of a multidimensional
- interdependent "truth" that cannot be explained by any particular statement
82
What happens during Fowler's Universalizing Faith Stage?
-the individual would treat any person with compassion as they view people as from a universal community, who should be treated with universal principles of
love and justice
83
what are Levinson's 4 Tasks of middle adult hood?
- Young-Old
- Destruction-Creation
- Masculinity-Femininity
- Engagement-seperateness
84
Which mental abilities over adulthood stays the most stable?
Verbal ability
85
Which mental abilities over adulthood shows the most decline?
perceptual speed
86
What are areas of cognitive strength in middle adulthood?
Practical problem solving and expertise
87
Label Peck's 3 tasks of ego integrity
* Ego differentiation vs work-role preoccupation
* Body transcendence vs body preoccupation
* Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation
88
Describe Peck's 3 tasks of ego integrity
1. Ego differentiation vs work-role preoccupation
- Finding other ways to affirm self-worth
2. Body transcendence vs body preoccupation
- Compensating for physical limitations with cognitive, emotional, and social abilities
3. Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation
- Facing reality of death by investing in younger generations
89
What are Kubler-Ross's Stages of grief
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
90
What is Epigenetics?
The study of the factors that determine how much or whether some genes are expressed in your body.
