Human Development & Behavior

Question 1

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 1

Piaget; 0-2yrs; object permanence

Question 2

Preoperational Stage

Answer 2

Piaget; 2-7yrs; use of language and other symbols, limited by egocentrism, belief that inanimate objects have intentions and feelings, centration (attend to one aspect of a problem/situation at a time), magical thinking

Question 3

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 3

Piaget; 7-11yrs; mental operations (imagining consequences), perspectivism (relationships remain the same despite physical or social changes), conservation (quantity doesn’t change even if it is altered - poured, pulled, squished, etc.)

Question 4

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 4

Piaget; 11+; abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, renewed egocentrism

Question 5

Id

Answer 5

Freud; present at birth, represents primal urges/needs, pleasure principal

Question 6

Ego

Answer 6

Freud; emerges at 6 months, reality principal, realistic and rational, mediates desires of id and superego

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

Freud; moral conscience

Question 8

Oral Stage

Answer 8

Freud; 0-12months; focus is on mouth, weaning, fixation can result in personality that is: dependent, passive, manipulative, sarcastic–all orally focused traits

Question 9

Anal Stage

Answer 9

Freud; 1-3 years; hold-on/let-go, toilet training, fixation can result in personality that is: anal-retentive (stinginess, selfishness, obsessive-compulsive behavior) or anal-expulsive (cruelty, destructiveness, messiness)

Question 10

Phallic Stage

Answer 10

Freud; 3-6 years; Oedipal/Electra conflict, identification with same-sex parent, fixation can result in personality that sexually exploits others

Question 11

Latency Stage

Answer 11

Freud; 6-12 years; reduced libidinal energy, focus is on social skills and academics

Question 12

Genital Stage

Answer 12

Freud; 12+ years; libido and affection combine to produce mature sexual relationships

Question 13

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 13

Erikson; Infancy; dependent on others, sense of trust and optimism

Question 14

Autonomy vs. Shame

Answer 14

Erikson; Toddler; toilet training, mastery over motor skills (e.g. walking)

Question 15

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 15

Erikson; Early Childhood; role experimentation, ability to set goals

Question 16

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 16

Erikson; School-age; mastery of social and academic skills

Question 17

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 17

Erikson; Adolescent; development of independence, sense of belonging and purpose

Question 18

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 18

Erikson; Young Adult; capacity for commitment

Question 19

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 19

Erikson; Middle Age; midlife crisis, commitment to future generations

Question 20

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 20

Erikson; Elderly; views own life with value

Question 21

Introjection

Answer 21

Defense Mechanism; ascribing the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others to oneself

Question 22

Reaction Formation

Answer 22

Defense Mechanism; avoiding an anxiety-evoking impulse by actively expressing the opposite

Question 23

Displacement

Answer 23

Defense Mechanism; Redirecting an anxiety-evoking impulse to a less threatening target

Question 24

Sublimation

Answer 24

Defense Mechanism; acting out socially unacceptable impulses in socially acceptable ways

Question 25

Overcompensation

Answer 25

Defense Mechanism; concealing perceived deficiencies in one area by excelling in another

Question 26

Entropy

Answer 26

Systems Theory; state of disorganization. Occurs when an open system closes, resulting in the imbalance of the flow of energy between the system and its environment

Question 27

Feedback (Systems Theory)

Answer 27

Used to regulate the exchange of energy between a system and its environment; negative feedback RESTORES or MAINTAINS the homeostasis of the system, positive feedback UPSETS the system's homeostasis

Question 28

Reinforcement (Skinner)

Answer 28

Consequence that causes behavior to INCREASE Ex Bx: Completing chores Positive reinforcement (reward) - toy prize Negative reinforcement (escape) - Get yelled at less by parent

Question 29

Punishment (Skinner)

Answer 29

Consequence that causes a behavior to DECREASE Ex Bx: Hitting sibling Positive punishment (punishment) - spanking Negative punishment (penalty) - lose opportunity to go on field trip

Question 30

Extinction

Answer 30

Withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior in order to decrease or eliminate that behavior

Question 31

Separation Anxiety (Typical)

Answer 31

begins around 6 months, most intense at 15-18 months, then declines

Question 32

Stranger Anxiety (Typical)

Answer 32

begins around 8 months, continues through age 2, normal

Question 33

Stages of Group Development

Answer 33

Forming > Storming > Norming > Performing > Adjourning

Question 34

Preconventional Morality Level

Answer 34

Kohlberg; Punishment and Obedience Stage: Driven by consequences Instrumental Hedonism Stage: driven by wants and needs

Question 35

Conventional Morality Level

Answer 35

Kohlberg; Good boy/good girl stage: driven by the approval of others Law and order stage: adherence to rules and laws

Question 36

Postconventional Morality Level

Answer 36

Kohlberg; Morality of contact: right action is consistent with democratically determined laws Morality of Conscience: decisions are based on universal ethical principles

Question 37

Stages of Grief

Answer 37

Kubler-Ross; Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

Question 38

How long do crises last?

Answer 38

6-8 weeks

Question 39

Stages of Crisis

Answer 39

1. Hazardous event 2. Vulnerable State 3. Precipitating Factor 4. Active Crisis State 5. Reintegration

Question 40

Hazardous Event

Answer 40

1st Stage of Crisis; stressful event that disrupts a person's equilibrium

Question 41

Vulnerable State

Answer 41

2nd Stage of Crisis; The stressful event is perceived as a threat, loss or challenge. There is an increase in tension as coping strategies are employed yet disequilibrium persists

Question 42

Precipitating Factor

Answer 42

3rd Stage of Crisis; Triggers a crisis "the last straw"

Question 43

Active Crisis State

Answer 43

4th Stage of Crisis; disequilibrium, physical and psychological agitation, impaired functioning, anxiety, depression, and preoccupation with the crisis event