Human Development (Ch5) Flashcards
(253 cards)
1
Q
Period of natal development: grasp reflex appears
A
second trimester
2
Q
Which reflexes begin at 4-6 months and integrate at 5 years?
A
neck and body righting (NOB, BOB)
3
Q
A
palmar-supinate grasp
4
Q
Which reflex begins at 4 months and persists?
A
downward parachute/protective extension downward
5
Q
Which reflex begins at birth-2mo and persists?
A
labyrinthine/optical head righting
6
Q
Release: involuntary release
A
1-4 mo
7
Q
Stimulus: place infant in supine Response: increased extensor tone
A
tonic labyrinthine supine
8
Q
In supine: holds head in midline chin is tucked and neck lengthens in back legs come together lower back flattens against floor
A
3-4 mo
9
Q
when does a radial-palmar grasp typically develop?
A
6 mo
10
Q
Release: presses down on surface to release
A
7-10 mo
11
Q
Standing: rotates trunk over lower extremities lower extremities are more active in pulling to a standing position pulls to standing by kneeling, then half-kneeling
A
8-9 mo
12
Q
Jumping and hopping: hops on one foot, few steps
A
2.5 yr
13
Q
Period of natal development: responds to tactile stimuli
A
first trimester
14
Q
Stimulus: rapidly lower infant toward supporting surface while suspended vertically Response: extension of the lower extremities
A
downward parachute/protective extension downward
15
Q
Period of natal development: sleep states occur
A
second trimester
16
Q
at what age do we expect to see palmar-supinate grasp?
A
1-1.5 yr
17
Q
Which reflex begins at 28 wks gestation and integrates at 3 months?
A
rooting
18
Q
Sitting: Supports self in sitting Sits alone momentarily Increased extension in back Sits by propping forward on arms Wide base, legs are bent Periodic use of “high guard” Protective responses present when falling to front
A
5-6 mo
19
Q
Stimulus: stroke the corner of the mouth, upper lip, lower lip Response: movement of the tongue, mouth, and/or head toward the stimulus
A
rooting
20
Q
Creeping: creeps on hands and feet
A
10-11 mo
21
Q
Stimulus: grasp infant’s forearms and pull to sit Response: complete flexion of UE
A
traction
22
Q
Sitting: Sits well without support Legs are closer, full upright with knees straight Increased variety of positions, including “w” sit and side sit Difficult fine motor tasks may prompt return to wide base of support
A
8-10 mo
23
Q
Stair climbing: walks down stairs, alternating feet
A
3-3.5 yr
24
Q
What age is this child?
- Child can build involved structures combining various planes, along with symmetrical designs
- Child is able to utilize spatial awareness, cause-and-effect, and mental images in problem-solving
A
48-60 mo
25
What kind of play is this?
1. Participates in play with rules, competition, social interaction, and opportunities for development of skills
2. Begins to participate in cooperative peer groups with a growing interest in competition
3. Friends become important for validation
Games
26
In supine: equilibrium reactions are present
7-8 mo
27
What kind of play is this?
1. Engages in sensory, motor, cognitive, and social play experiences
2. Explores combinations of actions on multiple objects
3. Begins to master skills that promote performance of school and work related activities
Creative play
28
radial-digital grasp
29
Stair climbing: walks up stairs, alternating feet
2-3 yr
30
In prone: pivots in prone moves to prone position to sit
7-8 mo
31
inferior pincer grasp
32
Release: Clumsy release into small container hand rests on edge of container
10-14 mo
33
What age is this child?
Child links schemes into a complex script
36-42 mo
34
Walking: seldom falls runs stiffly with eyes on ground
18 mo
35
At what age do we expect symbolic play?
2-4 yr
36
What age is this child?
1. Child attends to shapes of things and uses them appropriately
2. Child begins to think before acting
3. Child uses tool to obtain a favored object
4. Child begins to replace trial and error with a thought process in order to attain a goal
5. Child can operate a mechanical toy
6. Child can predict effects and assume causes
18-21 mo
37
Walking: cruises around furniture, turning slightly in the intended direction
9-10 mo
38
Walking: takes independent steps, falls easily
9-17 mo
39
What age is this child?
1. Child recognizes operations of several mechanisms
2. Child matches circles, squares, triangles, and manipulates objects into small openings
21-24 mo
40
Which reflex begins at 3-4 months and integrates at 12-24 months?
landau
41
Creeping: crawls forward on belly
7 mo
42
Stair climbing: walks up and down stairs without support, marking time
2-2.5 yr
43
Walking: walks with 2 hands held
8-18 mo
44
Stair climbing: creeps backwards down stairs
18-23 mo
45
Creeping: reciprocal creep
7-10 mo
46
Jumping and hopping: hops in straight line
5 yr
47
Which reflexes begin at 37 wks gestation and integrate at 6 months?
tonic labyrinthine supine and prone
48
Which reflex begins at 28 wks gestation and integrates at 4-6 months?
moro
49
Standing: pulls to standing with legs only, no longer needs arms stands alone momentarily
9-13 mo
50
Vestibular system is functioning at the end of this trimester
first trimester
51
What kind of play is this?
1. Child engages in play experiences through which the child formulates, tests, classifies, and refines ideas, feelings, and combined actions
2. Associated with language development
3. Objects that are manageable for the child in terms of symbolization, control, and mastery are preferred
4. Mostly parallel play with peers
Symbolic play
52
In prone: turns head side to side lifts head momentarily bends hips with bottom in air lifts head and sustains in midline rotates head freely when up able to bear weight on forearms attempts to shift weight on forearms, resulting in shoulder collapse
0-2 mo
53
Release: mutual fingering in midline
4 mo
54
age of a fetus or newborn in weeks since conception
conceptual age
55
Walking: walks with one hand held reaches for furniture out of reach when cruising cruises in either direction, no hesitation
11 mo
56
What age is this child?
1. Child discriminates sizes
24-27 mo
57
In supine: lifts head independently brings feet to mouth brings hands to feet able to reach for toy with 1 or both hands hands are mainly open
5-6 mo
58
when does a radial-digital grasp typically develop?
8 mo
59
At what age do we expect exploratory play?
0-2 yr
60
Scissor skills:
cuts circles
3.5-4.5 yr
61
at what age do we expect to see complex rotation?
6-7 yr
62
when does bilateral integration emerge?
9-12mo
63
Stimulus: suddenly tip infant forward toward supporting surface while vertically suspended Response: sudden extension of the UE, hand opening, and neck extension
forward parachute/protective extension forward
64
inferior scissors grasp
65
What age is this child?
Child links multi-scheme combinations into a meaningful sequence (putting food in bowl, scooping food with spoon, feeding doll)
24-36 mo
66
Stimulus: fully rotate infant's head and hold for 5 seconds Response: extension of extremities on the face side, flexion of the extremities on the skull side
asymmetric tonic neck
67
Sitting: Gets to sitting from prone
6-11 mo
68
Stair climbing: walks up and down stairs while holding on
18-24 mo
69
fine pincer grasp
70
What age is this child?
1. Child finds an object after watching it disappear
2. Child uses movement as a means to an end
3. Child anticipates movement of objects in space
4. Child attends to consequences of actions
5. Child repeats actions to repeat consequences
6-9 mo
71
Scissor skills:
cuts complex figure shapes
6-7 yr
72
Standing: bears some weight on legs, but must be held proximally head is up in midline, no chin tuck pelvis and hips are behind shoulders legs are apart and turned outward
3-4 mo
73
when does a palmar grasp typically develop?
5 mo
74
Jumping and hopping: jumps over objects
3-5 yr
75
Stimulus: place infant in supine, flex one hip and knee toward the chest, and hold briefly Response: segmental rolling of the upper trunk to maintain alignment
body righting (BOB)
76
Rolling: Rolls from prone to supine Rolls from supine to side with right and left leg performing independent movements Rolls from supine to prone with right and left leg preforming independent movements
5-6 mo
77
Jumping and hopping: jumps down from step
2 yr
78
Stimulus: quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance backward Response: backward arm extension
backward parachute/protective extension backward
79
Rolling: Rolls segmentally with roll initiated by head, shoulder, or hips
6-14 mo
80
when does primitive self-feeding emerge?
6-12mo
81
Which reflex begins at 4-6 months and integrates at 8-12 months?
symmetric tonic neck
82
What age is this child?
1. Child can use tool after demo
2. Child's behavior becomes more goal-directed
3. Child performs an action to produce a response
9-12 mo
83
dynamic tripod posture
84
Sitting: Rises from supine by first rolling to side then pushing up into sitting position
11-24 mo +
85
What age is this child?
child combines objects in relational play, such as objects in containers
8-9 mo
86
What age is this child?
child notices the relation between complex actions and consequences (opening doors, placing lids on containers) and differential use of schemes based on the toy being played with (roll a ball vs. push a train)
9-12 mo
87
What age is this child?
1. Child begins to relate experiences to one another, based on logic and knowledge of previous experiences
2. Child can make a mental plan of action without acting it out
3. Child can see relationships between experiences
27-30 mo
88
Jumping and hopping: hops on one foot
3.5-5 yr
89
Sitting: Held in sitting Head bobs in sitting Back is rounded Hips are apart, turned out, and bent Head is steady Chin tucks, able to gaze at floor Sits with less support Hips are bent and shoulders are in front of hips
0-3 mo
90
Sitting: Trunk control and equilibrium responses are fully developed in sitting Further increase in variety of positions possible
11-12 mo
91
when is handedness considered stable?
age 5
92
Stimulus: rapidly drop infant's head backward Response: first, arm extension/abduction, hand opening; second, arm flexion and abduction
moro
93
how far from a newborn's face should objects of high contrast be held?
10 in
94
Rolling: Rolls from prone position to side accidentally Rolls from supine to side
3-4 mo
95
at what age do we expect to see in-hand manipulation with stabilization?
6-7 yr
96
Scissor skills:
shows an interest in scissors
holds and snips with scissors
opens and closes scissors in a controlled fashion
2-3 yr
97
at what age do we expect to see dynamic tripod posture?
4.5-6 yr
98
when does a fine pincer grasp typically develop?
12 mo
99
pincer grasp
100
In prone: airplane posturing in prone position chest and thighs lift off surface
5-8 mo
101
What age is this child?
Child focuses on action performed with objects (banging, shaking)
3-6 mo
102
What kind of play is this?
1. Engages in play experiences through which the child develops a body scheme
2. Sensory integrative and motor skills are developed
3. Plays mostly with parents/caregivers
exploratory play
103
Release: volitional release
7-9 mo
104
at what age do we expect to see palm-to-finger translation?
2-2.5 yr
105
Period of natal development: primitive motor reflexes appear
third trimester
106
Stimulus: hold infant in horizontal prone suspension Response: complete extension of head, trunk, and extremities
landau
107
Oral-motor development: Prior to this age, infant is fed by non-oral means
33 weeks gestation
108
Stimulus: apply pressure with thumb on the infant's ball of the foot Response: toe flexion
plantar grasp
109
Walking: able to start and stop in walking
15 mo
110
In supine: head held to one side able to turn head side to side
0-3 mo
111
What age is this child?
Child explores characteristics of objects and expands the range of schemes (poking, pulling, turning, tearing)
6-9 mo
112
Standing: equilibrium reactions are present in standing
12 mo
113
Which reflexes begin at 28 wks gestation and integrate at 2-5 months?
suck-swallow and traction
114
the turning or rolling of an object held at the finger pads approximately 90 degrees or less
simple rotation
115
Sitting: Protective extension backwards Able to move in and out of sitting into other positions
10-12 mo
116
Stair climbing: creeps up stairs
15 mo
117
In supine: head lag is gone when pulled to sitting hands are together in space
4-5 mo
118
Standing: stands while holding onto furniture
5-10 mo
119
the persistence or reemergence of primitive reflexes is indicative of dysfunction in what system?
CNS
120
Stimulus: hold infant in prone suspension, gently scratch or tap alongside the spine with finger, from shoulders to buttocks Response: lateral trunk flexion and wrinkling of the skin on the stimulated side
galant
121
What age is this child?
1. Child can build a tower of 9 cubes
2. Child can organize objects by size and build a structure from a mental image
36-48 mo
122
Stimulus: place infant in crawling position and extend head Response: flexion of hips and knees
symmetric tonic neck
123
Release: transfers object from hand to hand
4-8 mo
124
At what age do we expect to see a child participate in games?
7-12 years
125
Stimulus: place infant in supine and fully turn head to one side Response: log rolling of the entire body to maintain alignment with the head
neck righting (NOB)
126
hemispheric specialization for specific tasks (ex: handedness)
laterality
127
What age is this child?
Child links schemes in simple combinations (placing a baby in carriage and pushing carriage)
12-15 mo
128
Release: two-stage transfer (taking hand grasps before releasing hand lets go)
5-6 mo
129
radial-palmar grasp
130
when does a primitive squeeze grasp typically develop?
4 mo
131
Which reflex begins at 7 months and persists?
sideward parachute/protective extension sideward
132
Jumping and hopping: skips on alternating feet, maintaining balance
5-6 yr
133
Which reflex begins at 6-9 months and persists?
forward parachute/protective extension forward
134
when do midline skills emerge?
9-12mo
135
at what age do we expect to see simple rotation?
2-2.5 yr
136
at what age do we expect to see finger-to-palm translation?
12-15 mo
137
Which reflex begins at 9-10 months and persists?
backward parachute/protective extension backward
138
Sitting: Equilibrium reactions are present Able to rotate upper body while lower body remains stationary Protective responses are present when falling to side
7-8 mo
139
when does an inferior pincer grasp typically develop?
9 mo
140
Period of natal development: visual processing occurs
second trimester
141
at what age do we expect to see static tripod posture?
3.5-4 yr
142
when does a scissors grasp typically develop?
8 mo
143
Scissor skills:
cuts simple figure shapes
4-6 yr
144
age of the fetus or newborn, in weeks, from first day of mother's last normal menstrual period
gestational age
145
Standing: when held in standing, legs may give way
2-3 mo
146
Sitting: Sits alone steadily, initially with wide base Able to play with toys in sitting
5-10 mo
147
at what age do we expect to see digital-pronate grasp?
2-3 yr
148
Which reflex begins at 32 wks gestation and integrates at 2 months?
galant
149
several objects are held in the hand and manipulation of 1 object occurs, while simultaneously stabilizing others
in-hand manipulation with stabilization
150
static tripod posture
151
Scissor skills:
manipulates scissors in a forward motion
coordinates the lateral direction of the scissors
cuts a straight forward line
cuts simple geometric shapes
3-4 yr
152
Walking: stoops and recovers in play
10-14 mo
153
Release: one-stage transfer (taking hand and releasing hand perform actions simultaneously)
6-7 mo
154
a linear movement of an object on the finger surfaces to allow for repositioning of the object relative to the finger pads
shift
155
Standing: When held in standing, takes some weight on legs
0-3 mo
156
child is driven to challenge sensorimotor competencies through roughhouse play, playground activitivies, games, sports, music, etc. Developmental age?
3-7 yr
157
digital-pronate grasp
158
Sitting: Rises from supine position by first rolling over to stomach then pushing up into 4-point position
9-18 mo
159
Release: Releases into a container with wrist straight
9-10 mo
160
palmar grasp
161
Jumping and hopping: gallops, leading with one foot and transferring weight smoothly and evenly
3-4 yr
162
Walking: cruises sideways
8 mo
163
Standing: increased capability to bear weight decreased support needed legs are still spread apart and turned outward bounces in standing
5-6 mo
164
Release: precise, controlled release into small container with wrist extended
12-15 mo
165
symbolic gesturing and vocalization promotes ideation, indicating the ability to conceptualize. Developmental age?
13-24mo
166
What age is this child?
1. Child recruits the help of an adult to achieve a goal
2. Child attempts to activate a simple mechanism
3. Child turns and inspects objects
4. Child uses trial and error approach to new challenges
12-15 mo
167
Which reflex begins at 28 wks gestation and integrates at 9 months?
plantar grasp
168
At what age do we expect to see creative play?
4-7 yr
169
scissors grasp
170
Jumping and hopping: jumps off floor with both feet
3 yr
171
Creeping: creeps well
11-12 mo
172
Stimulus: place examiner's finger in the infant's palm Response: finger flexion; reflexive grasp
palmar grasp
173
the rotation of an object 360 degrees (e.g. turning a pencil over to erase)
complex rotation
174
In prone: begins to dislike prone
9 mo
175
In prone: shifts weight on forearms and reaches forward bears weight and shifts weight on extended arms legs are closer together and thighs roll inward toward natural alignment hips are flat on surface equilibrium reactions are present
5-6 mo
176
Stimulus: hold infant suspended vertically and tilt slowly to the side, forward, or backward Response: upright positioning of the head
labyrinthine/optical head righting
177
Release: releases above a surface with wrist flexion
8 mo
178
primitive squeeze grasp
179
Release: no release grasp reflex is strong
0-1 mo
180
Stimulus: place examiner's index finger inside the infant's mouth with head in midline Response: strong, rhythmical sucking
suck-swallow
181
Stimulus: place infant in prone Response: increased flexor tone
tonic labyrinthine prone
182
when does a inferior scissors grasp typically develop?
7 mo
183
Stimulus: Quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance to the side while in the sitting position Response: arm extension and abduction to the side
sideward parachute/protective extension sideward
184
Period of natal development: touch is functional
third trimester
185
when does a pincer grasp typically develop?
10 mo
186
Standing: pulls to standing at furniture
6-12 mo
187
Which reflexes begin at 37 wks gestation and integrate at 4-6 months?
asymmetric tonic neck and palmar grasp
188
Oral-motor development:
jaw and tongue movements are strong enough to allow for feeding
35 weeks gestation
189
Oral-motor development: rooting reflexes, gag and cough reflex are present
40 weeks gestation
190
Oral-motor development: munching occurs consisting of a phasic bit and release of a soft cookie
4-5 months
191
Oral-motor development: strong up and down movement of the tongue
6 months
192
Oral-motor development: beginning of mastication of soft and mashed foods with diagonal jaw movement
7-8 months
193
Oral-motor development: lateral tongue movements make mastication of soft and mashed food effective, able to drink from cup
9 months
194
Oral-motor development: jaw is firm; there is rotary chewing allowing for a good bite on a hard cookie
12 months
195
Oral-motor development: able to chew most meats and raw veggies
24 mo
196
Eating and feeding: takes cereal or poured baby food from spoon
5-7 mo
197
Eating and feeding: attempts to hold bottle but may not retrieve it if it falls; needs to be monitored for safety
6-8 mo
198
Eating and feeding: holds and tries to eat cracker but sucks on it more than bites it; consumes soft foods that dissolve; grabs at spoon but bangs it or sucks on end
6-9 mo
199
Eating and feeding: finger-feeds a portion of meals consisting of soft table foods
9-13 mo
200
Eating and feeding: dips spoon in food, brings spoonful to mouth, but spills food by inverting spoon
12-14 mo
201
Eating and feeding: scoops food with spoon and brings it to mouth
15-18 mo
202
Eating and feeding: demonstrates interest in using fork; proficient with spoon
24-30 mo
203
How old am I? Cooperates with dressing, pulls off shoes, removes socks, pushes arms through sleeves and legs through pants
1 yr
204
How old am I? removes unfastened coat, removes shoes if laces are untied, helps pull down pants, finds armholes in pullover shirt
2 yr
205
How old am I? removes pull-down pants with elastic waist, assists in pulling on socks, puts on front-button coat or shirt, unbuttons large buttons
2.5 yr
206
How old am I? puts on pullover shirt with min A, puts on shoes without fasteners (may be on wrong feet), puts on socks, independently pulls down pants, zips and unzips jacket once on track, needs assist to remove pullover shirt, buttons large front buttons
3 yr
207
How old am I? finds front of clothing, snaps or hooks front fastener, unzips front zipper on jacket, puts on mittens, buttons series of 3-4 buttons, unbuckles shoe or belt, dresses with supervision
3.5 yr
208
How old am I? removes pullover garment independently, buckles shoes or belt, zips jacket zipper, puts on socks correctly, puts on shoes with help tying, laces shoes, identifies front and back of garment
4 yr
209
How old am I? puts belt in loops
4.5 yr
210
How old am I? ties and unties knots, dresses unsupervised
5 yr
211
How old am I? closes back zipper, ties bows, buttons back buttons, snaps back snaps
6 yr
212
How old am I? indicates discomfort when wet or soiled, has regular BMs
1 yr
213
How old am I? sits on toilet when placed there and supervised
1.5 yr
214
How old am I? urinates regularly
2 yr
215
How old am I? achieves regulated toileting with occasional daytime accidents, rarely has bowel accidents, tells someone that he or she needs to go, may need reminders, may need help getting on toilet
2.5 yr
216
How old am I? goes to bathroom independently, may need help wiping, may need help with difficult clothing
3 yr
217
How old am I? is independent in toileting
4-5 yr
218
How old am I? imitates housework
13 mo
219
How old am I? picks up and puts toys away with reminders, copies parents
2 yr
220
How old am I? carries things without dropping them, dusts with help, dries dishes with help, gardens with help, puts toys away with reminders, wipes up spills
3 yr
221
How old am I? fixes dry cereal and snacks, helps with sorting laundry
4 yr
222
How old am I? puts toys away neatly, makes a sandwich, takes out trash, makes bed, puts dirty clothes in hamper, answers telephone correctly
5 yr
223
How old am I? does simple errands, does household chores without redoing, cleans sink, washes dishes with help, crosses street safely
6 yr
224
How old am I? begins to cook simple meals, puts clean clothes away, hangs up clothes, manages small amounts of money, uses telephone correctly
7-9 yr
225
How old am I? cooks simple meals with supervision, does simple repairs with appropriate tools, begins doing laundry, sets table, washes dishes, cares for pet with reminders
10-12 yr
226
How old am I? does laundry, cooks meals
13-14 yr
227
what does an Apgar score indicate?
newborn's well-being
228
Behavior checklist and scale that assesses infant's pattern of developing behavioral organization
Assessment of Preterm Infant's Behavior (APIB)
229
rating scale including brief neurological exam incorporated into routine assessment; can be used with newborns in an incubator or on ventilator
Neurological Assessment of Pre-term and Full-term New-born Infant (NAPFI)
230
Standardized task performance and observation screening tool for early identification of children at risk for developmental delays in 4 areas, including personal-social, fine motor-adaptive, language, and gross motor
Denver Developmental Screening Test II
231
Standardized rating scales that assess cognition, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive skills; Age 1-42 months
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
232
Checklist and rating scale that identifies preschool students at risk and in need of more comprehensive evaluation
First STEP Screening Test for Evaluating Preschoolers
233
Non-standardized scale of developmental levels that assesses 6 areas of function, including cognitive, language, gross and fine motor, social-emotional, and self-help
Hawaii Early Learning Profile
234
Screening tool that assesses sensory and motor abilities cognitive abilities, and complex tasks
Miller Assessment for Preschoolers
235
Assesses capabilities and detects functional deficits to determine developmental level, monitor child's progress
Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)
236
index of overall motor proficiency, including speed, duration, and accuracy
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)
237
Assesses involuntary arm-hand patterns, voluntary movements of approach, and prewriting skills
Erhardt Developmental Prehension Assessment (EDPA)
238
Standardized rating scales of gross and fine motor development, birth to 6 years old
Peabody Developmental Motor Scales
239
Assesses quality of movement in children 0-3.5 yrs
Toddler and Infant Motor Evaluation (TIME)
240
Assesses visual-motor integration, ages 2-100
Beery-VMI
241
Assesses visual perceptual skills and visual motor integration; includes 8 subtests
Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP-2)
242
Assessment of visuomotor development, including eyelid reflexes, pupillary reactions, voluntary patterns
Erhardt Developmental Vision Assessment (EDVA)
243
quick evaluation of visual perception (excludes motor components)
Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-3)
244
Evaluation of spatial deficits, due to hemi-field visual neglect or abnormal visual saccades
Motor-Free Perception Test-Vertical (MVPT-V)
245
Assesses eye-hand coordination skills for copying geometric designs
Test of Visual-Motor Skills (TVMS)
246
Measures reactions to daily sensory experiences
Sensory Profile
247
Determines severity of autism and distinguishes children with autism from those without
Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)
248
Assesses functional performance in order to promote participation in a school environment
School Function Assessment
249
opacity, clouding of lens due to changes in lens proteins; results in gradual loss of vision; central first, then peripheral; increased problems with glare; surgery is effective
cataracts
250
increased intraocular pressure with degeneration of optic disc and atrophy of optic nerve; early loss of peripheral vision; surgery and medication are effective if diagnosed early
glaucoma
251
loss of central vision associated with increased sensitivity to glare; may progress to total blindness
macular degeneration
252
damage to retinal capillaries leads to retinal scarring and finally detachment; central vision is impaired; vision is blurred; complete blindness is rare
diabetic retinopathy
253
loss of 1/2 visual field in each eye; corresponds to side of sensorimotor deficit; result of CVA
homonymous hemianopsia
