Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment Flashcards
(232 cards)
1
Q
What are the stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development relevant to adulthood?
A
- Young Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation): Focus on forming meaningful relationships and connections. 2. Middle Adulthood (Generativity vs. Stagnation): Emphasis on contributing to society and supporting future generations. 3. Older Adulthood (Integrity vs. Despair): Reflecting on life and accepting its outcomes.
2
Q
How does the social learning theory explain behavior?
A
Behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and modeling, with reinforcement and punishment influencing the likelihood of repeating behaviors.
3
Q
What is the significance of cultural competence in clinical practice?
A
Cultural competence ensures that services respect and integrate the client’s cultural background, values, and beliefs, fostering trust and effective therapeutic outcomes.
4
Q
What are protective factors, and how do they support resilience?
A
Protective factors are characteristics or conditions (e.g., strong social support, positive coping strategies) that mitigate risks and promote resilience in the face of adversity.
5
Q
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A
It suggests that individuals must meet basic needs (e.g., physiological and safety) before pursuing higher-level needs like belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
6
Q
What is the role of attachment theory in understanding behavior?
A
It posits that early bonds with caregivers influence emotional regulation, relationships, and behavior across the lifespan.
7
Q
What are the stages of grief according to Kübler-Ross?
A
- Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
8
Q
What is intersectionality, and how does it impact identity and behavior?
A
It examines how overlapping social identities (e.g., race, gender, socioeconomic status) influence experiences of privilege or oppression, shaping individual behavior and systemic interactions.
9
Q
How does neuroplasticity contribute to recovery and learning?
A
Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize by forming new neural connections, facilitating recovery from trauma and supporting lifelong learning.
10
Q
What is the biopsychosocial model, and why is it important in clinical practice?
A
It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual’s behavior and challenges.
11
Q
How does racial identity development differ across lifespan stages?
A
Racial identity evolves through self-awareness, social interactions, and cultural context, often shifting from a focus on external validation to internalized pride and acceptance.
12
Q
What is acculturation, and how does it affect individuals?
A
Acculturation is the process of adapting to a new culture while maintaining aspects of one’s original culture, often leading to integration, assimilation, separation, or marginalization.
13
Q
What is the role of self-efficacy in behavior change?
A
Self-efficacy, or belief in one’s ability to succeed, motivates individuals to take action, persist through challenges, and achieve goals.
14
Q
How does trauma influence brain development in children?
A
Chronic trauma disrupts neural development, affecting the amygdala (fear response), hippocampus (memory), and prefrontal cortex (decision-making and regulation).
15
Q
What are the primary components of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?
A
- Microsystem: Immediate environments (family, peers). 2. Mesosystem: Interactions between microsystems (e.g., family-school connection). 3. Exosystem: External settings influencing the individual (e.g., parent’s workplace). 4. Macrosystem: Cultural and societal norms. 5. Chronosystem: Changes over time, including life transitions and historical events.
16
Q
What are the key differences between implicit and explicit biases?
A
Implicit bias: Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes influencing behavior. Explicit bias: Conscious beliefs and attitudes that are intentionally expressed.
17
Q
How does Kohlberg’s theory of moral development explain ethical decision-making?
A
- Preconventional Level: Based on rewards and punishments. 2. Conventional Level: Upholding laws and social rules. 3. Postconventional Level: Guided by universal ethical principles and justice.
18
Q
What is the significance of self-concept in human development?
A
Self-concept reflects how individuals perceive themselves, shaping confidence, motivation, and interactions with others.
19
Q
How does Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory explain learning?
A
Learning is a social process where knowledge is constructed through interaction, guided by cultural tools and scaffolding within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
20
Q
What is the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on behavior?
A
ACEs increase the risk of mental health issues, substance use, and chronic physical conditions due to stress-related physiological changes.
21
Q
What is the difference between primary and secondary emotions?
A
Primary emotions: Universal and instinctive (e.g., happiness, fear). Secondary emotions: Complex and socially influenced (e.g., guilt, pride).
22
Q
What is the role of intersectionality in understanding systemic oppression?
A
It examines how overlapping identities (e.g., race, gender, class) shape unique experiences of privilege or marginalization.
23
Q
What is the role of neurodiversity in clinical social work?
A
Neurodiversity emphasizes the value of neurological differences (e.g., autism, ADHD) and supports inclusive practices tailored to individual needs.
24
Q
How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs relate to clinical practice?
A
Unmet basic needs (e.g., safety, physiological) must be addressed before clients can focus on higher-level growth, such as self-actualization.
25
How does Bowlby’s attachment theory inform interventions with clients?
Understanding attachment styles (secure, anxious, avoidant, disorganized) helps clinicians address relational dynamics and promote healthy connections.
26
How does operant conditioning explain behavior change?
Behavior is modified through reinforcement (positive or negative) or punishment, influencing the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
27
What is operant conditioning?
A theory proposed by Skinner stating that behaviors are influenced by consequences.
28
Define positive reinforcement.
Adding a reward to increase behavior.
29
Define negative reinforcement.
Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior.
30
What is punishment in the context of operant conditioning?
Reducing behavior through aversive consequences.
31
What is resilience?
The ability to adapt and recover from challenges.
32
List factors that influence resilience.
* Social support
* Problem-solving skills
* Self-efficacy
33
How does poverty impact human development?
Limits access to education, healthcare, and opportunities, contributing to stress and poor health outcomes.
34
What are life transitions?
Changes such as marriage or retirement that require adaptation to new roles and environments.
35
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions.
36
How does gender identity develop?
Evolves through self-awareness, societal influences, and experiences.
37
What is the role of social support in mental health?
Reduces stress, fosters resilience, and improves mental health outcomes.
38
What are the stages of prenatal development?
* Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks): Zygote formation and implantation
* Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks): Organ and system development
* Fetal Stage (9 weeks-birth): Growth and maturation
39
Define temperament in child development.
An individual’s innate personality traits influencing behavior and interactions.
40
What is biculturalism?
Navigating multiple cultural identities, fostering adaptability but possibly creating stress.
41
How do environmental factors contribute to developmental delays?
Exposure to toxins, malnutrition, and inadequate stimulation can impair development.
42
What is stigma in mental health?
Leads to discrimination, social isolation, and reluctance to seek help.
43
Differentiate between collectivist and individualist cultures.
* Collectivist cultures: Emphasize group harmony and interdependence
* Individualist cultures: Focus on autonomy and personal achievement
44
What are critical periods in development?
Specific time frames for developing certain skills; missing these can lead to deficits.
45
What is the significance of social learning?
Individuals learn behaviors by observing and imitating others, with reinforcement shaping repetition.
46
Define privilege in social contexts.
Unearned advantages based on social identity influencing access to resources.
47
What is chronic stress's impact on health?
Impair immune function, increase risk of mental health disorders, and contribute to chronic conditions.
48
How does trauma affect memory?
Impairs the hippocampus, affecting memory consolidation and retrieval.
49
What is cultural adaptation?
Adjusting behaviors and beliefs to align with a new cultural environment.
50
What is the theory of planned behavior?
Behavior is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
51
Describe parenting styles.
* Authoritative: High warmth, high structure
* Authoritarian: Low warmth, high structure
* Permissive: High warmth, low structure
* Neglectful: Low warmth, low structure
52
What is learned helplessness?
Perception of powerlessness due to repeated exposure to uncontrollable situations.
53
How does socioeconomic status (SES) influence behavior?
Affects access to resources, education, and healthcare, shaping opportunities and stress.
54
How do societal norms shape gender roles?
Establish expectations for behavior based on gender, influencing career choices and self-perception.
55
What is the impact of discrimination on mental health?
Contributes to chronic stress, anxiety, and feelings of isolation.
56
What is the difference between equity and equality?
Equity involves fairness and justice in resource distribution, while equality means sameness.
57
Differentiate between assimilation and integration in acculturation.
* Assimilation: Adopting the dominant culture, losing original identity
* Integration: Maintaining original culture while participating in the dominant culture
58
What is the difference between equity and equality?
Equality: Treating everyone the same, regardless of need. Equity: Providing resources based on individual needs to ensure fair outcomes.
59
What is the difference between assimilation and integration in acculturation?
Assimilation: Adopting the dominant culture while losing one’s original identity. Integration: Maintaining one’s original culture while participating in the dominant culture.
60
What is the impact of neglect on early childhood development?
Neglect can result in delayed cognitive and emotional development, attachment issues, and difficulty forming healthy relationships.
61
How does the 'fight or flight' response influence behavior?
The fight or flight response triggers physiological changes (e.g., increased heart rate) to prepare the body for action in response to perceived threats.
62
What is the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in behavior?
Intrinsic motivation: Driven by personal satisfaction or interest. Extrinsic motivation: Driven by external rewards or pressures.
63
How does self-stigma impact behavior?
Self-stigma involves internalizing negative societal attitudes, leading to shame, reduced self-esteem, and avoidance of help-seeking behaviors.
64
How does chronic illness impact psychological well-being?
Chronic illness can lead to feelings of loss, anxiety, and depression, requiring coping strategies and support systems for adjustment.
65
What is the impact of early intervention on developmental delays?
Early intervention provides specialized support to address developmental challenges, improving outcomes in cognitive, emotional, and physical domains.
66
What are microsystem-level influences on behavior according to ecological systems theory?
Microsystem influences include immediate relationships and environments, such as family, peers, and school, which directly impact behavior.
67
How does cultural identity influence coping mechanisms?
Cultural identity shapes beliefs about stress and coping, influencing the use of community support, spiritual practices, or individual problem-solving strategies.
68
How does gender socialization occur in childhood?
Gender socialization occurs through reinforcement, role modeling, and societal expectations, shaping interests, behaviors, and self-concept.
69
What is the impact of adverse community environments on behavior?
Exposure to violence, poverty, or inadequate resources increases stress, reduces opportunities, and contributes to maladaptive behaviors.
70
How do cultural expectations influence emotional expression?
Cultures differ in their norms for expressing emotions, with some encouraging openness and others valuing emotional restraint.
71
How does language development affect social behavior?
Language skills enable communication, emotional expression, and relationship building, influencing social interactions and peer acceptance.
72
What is the impact of chronic stress on child development?
Chronic stress disrupts brain development, impairing learning, emotional regulation, and the ability to form secure attachments.
73
What are the key elements of scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?
Scaffolding involves providing structured support to help learners achieve tasks within their Zone of Proximal Development, gradually reducing assistance as skills improve.
74
What is the 'looking-glass self' concept?
The 'looking-glass self' suggests that individuals shape their self-concept based on how they believe others perceive them.
75
How does emotional dysregulation manifest in behavior?
Emotional dysregulation can lead to impulsivity, difficulty managing stress, and inappropriate reactions in social or stressful situations.
76
What is the role of bicultural competence in identity development?
Bicultural competence allows individuals to navigate and integrate aspects of two cultural identities, fostering adaptability and resilience.
77
What does the stress-buffering hypothesis suggest?
The stress-buffering hypothesis suggests that strong social support mitigates the negative effects of stress on physical and mental health.
78
How do societal norms about aging affect older adults?
Societal norms influence perceptions of aging, with ageism contributing to stereotypes, reduced opportunities, and feelings of marginalization.
79
What is the impact of parental attachment styles on children’s behavior?
Parental attachment styles influence children’s emotional security, social competence, and the development of their own attachment patterns.
80
What is the concept of 'role strain' in social behavior?
Role strain occurs when conflicting demands or expectations within a single role cause stress or difficulty in performance.
81
What is the difference between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies?
Problem-focused coping: Addresses the cause of stress (e.g., planning, problem-solving). Emotion-focused coping: Manages emotional responses to stress (e.g., seeking support, reappraisal).
82
How does the biopsychosocial model explain mental health disorders?
This model considers the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in the onset, progression, and treatment of mental health disorders.
83
How do protective factors mitigate the impact of risk factors in development?
Protective factors, such as strong relationships, positive coping skills, and supportive environments, buffer against the negative effects of risk factors like trauma or poverty.
84
What is the concept of 'social comparison' in behavior?
Social comparison involves evaluating oneself relative to others, influencing self-esteem, motivation, and social behavior.
85
What is the impact of digital technology on adolescent development?
Digital technology influences identity exploration, social connections, and learning but can also contribute to issues like cyberbullying and sleep disruption.
86
How does social identity theory explain group behavior?
Social identity theory suggests that individuals derive part of their self-concept from group membership, influencing behavior and attitudes toward in-groups and out-groups.
87
How does prenatal exposure to stress affect development?
Prenatal stress can disrupt brain development, increase the risk of preterm birth, and predispose children to emotional and behavioral difficulties.
88
What is critical consciousness?
Critical consciousness involves recognizing and challenging societal inequalities, empowering individuals to advocate for change and social justice.
89
What are the key components of emotional intelligence?
1. Self-awareness 2. Self-regulation 3. Social skills 4. Empathy 5. Motivation
90
How does intersectionality influence mental health outcomes?
Intersectionality highlights how overlapping marginalized identities compound stress and discrimination, increasing mental health risks.
91
What is reciprocal determinism?
Reciprocal determinism suggests that behavior, personal factors, and environment influence each other dynamically.
92
What is the impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on adulthood?
ACEs increase the likelihood of chronic health conditions, mental health disorders, and substance use, often perpetuating intergenerational cycles.
93
What is social capital?
Social capital refers to the resources gained from social networks, enhancing opportunities, resilience, and well-being through connections.
94
What role does neuroplasticity play in recovery from trauma?
Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize and form new neural connections, enabling healing and adaptation after trauma.
95
How does socioeconomic status (SES) shape educational outcomes?
SES influences access to quality education, extracurricular opportunities, and resources, affecting cognitive development and academic achievement.
96
How do social norms influence health behaviors?
Social norms shape perceptions of acceptable behavior, influencing practices like smoking, exercise, and diet based on cultural and peer expectations.
97
How does stigma affect access to mental health care?
Stigma discourages individuals from seeking help due to fear of judgment or discrimination, leading to untreated mental health conditions.
98
What is the impact of relational trauma on adult relationships?
Relational trauma, such as neglect or abuse, often leads to trust issues, difficulty with intimacy, and patterns of attachment insecurity.
99
What are environmental factors that affect neurodevelopment?
Environmental influences, such as toxins, malnutrition, and enrichment, significantly affect brain development and cognitive abilities.
100
What does social exchange theory explain?
Social exchange theory suggests that relationships are maintained based on perceived costs and benefits, with individuals seeking to maximize rewards.
101
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
A pyramid of human needs, beginning with basic physiological needs and progressing to safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
102
What are the different parenting styles?
* Authoritative: High responsiveness and high demands. * Authoritarian: Low responsiveness and high demands. * Permissive: High responsiveness and low demands. * Neglectful: Low responsiveness and low demands.
103
What is the importance of resilience in adolescent development?
Resilience helps adolescents navigate challenges, fostering problem-solving, emotional regulation, and the ability to thrive despite adversity.
104
What is a Family Life Cycle?
Stages individuals pass through during life, from infancy to older adulthood.
105
What is ethnicity?
Shared cultural heritage, language, and traditions.
106
What is depersonalization?
Feeling detached from one’s body, such as observing oneself from outside during a traumatic experience.
107
How does systemic inequality impact access to healthcare?
Systemic inequality creates barriers like cost, discrimination, and geographic inaccessibility, disproportionately affecting marginalized groups.
108
What is a maturation crisis?
Challenges linked to life transitions, like adolescence or retirement.
109
How do developmental milestones inform clinical assessments?
Milestones provide benchmarks for physical, cognitive, and emotional development, helping clinicians identify potential delays or concerns.
110
What are some substances commonly associated with abuse?
* Alcohol * Nicotine * Cannabis * Cocaine * Opioids * Hallucinogens
111
What is Wernicke’s Encephalopathy?
Neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, often linked to alcohol abuse.
112
What is Korsakoff Syndrome?
Chronic memory disorder associated with severe thiamine deficiency.
113
What is Methadone?
Medication used to treat opioid use disorder.
114
What are the Stages of Change?
* Precontemplation: Unaware of the need for change. * Contemplation: Aware of the problem but not yet ready to act. * Preparation: Planning to take action soon. * Action: Actively working to change behaviors. * Maintenance: Sustaining changes and preventing relapse. * Relapse: Returning to old behaviors, followed by renewed efforts to change.
115
What are some treatments for substance abuse?
* 12 Steps: Peer support program for recovery. * Motivational Interviewing: Client-centered technique to elicit behavior change. * Harm Reduction: Strategies to minimize harm from substance use. * CAGE Assessment: Screening tool for identifying alcohol problems. * SUDE Assessment: Evaluates substance use disorder.
116
What is Early Remission?
Period of reduced symptoms for a substance use disorder lasting 3–12 months.
117
What is Sustained Remission?
Extended period of symptom reduction for over 12 months.
118
What is Aversion Therapy?
Behavioral therapy to reduce undesirable behaviors by associating them with negative stimuli.
119
What is Extinction?
The process of reducing a behavior by eliminating the reinforcement that maintains it.
120
What is Extinction?
Behavioral strategy to reduce undesired behaviors by removing reinforcement.
121
What is In Vivo Desensitization?
Exposing individuals to fears to reduce anxiety.
122
What is Flooding?
Technique to control physiological functions for improved health.
123
What is Modeling?
Learning behaviors by observing others.
124
What is Shaping?
Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.
125
What is Rational Emotive Therapy?
Cognitive-behavioral approach to address irrational beliefs.
126
What is Systematic Desensitization?
Combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to feared stimuli.
127
What is Time Out?
Removing reinforcement by isolating individuals briefly.
128
What is the difference between Child Abuse and Neglect?
Child Abuse: Intentional harm or mistreatment of a child. Child Neglect: Failure to provide for a child’s basic needs.
129
What is Token Economy?
Behavioral system using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors.
130
What is Substance Withdrawal?
Symptoms occurring after stopping or reducing substance use.
131
What are the signs of Heroin Use?
Pinpoint pupils, drowsiness, slowed breathing.
132
What are the signs of Alcohol Use?
Slurred speech, impaired judgment, poor coordination.
133
What are the signs of Marijuana Use?
Bloodshot eyes, increased appetite, impaired memory.
134
What are the signs of Cocaine Use?
Dilated pupils, hyperactivity, elevated heart rate.
135
What are the signs of Opioid Use?
Euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression.
136
What are the signs of Hallucinogen Use?
Altered perception, hallucinations, impaired coordination.
137
What is Conditioned Stimulus/Response?
Learned associations between stimuli and responses.
138
What is Unconditioned Stimulus/Response?
Naturally occurring stimulus and response.
139
What is Substance Abuse?
Misuse of substances leading to negative consequences in health, work, or relationships.
140
What is Race?
Classification of people based on physical traits.
141
What is Cultural Identity?
Sense of belonging to a particular culture.
142
What is Gerontology?
Study of aging and its impact.
143
What is Equifinality?
Ability of systems to achieve similar outcomes through different paths.
144
What is Negative Entropy?
System’s tendency to maintain stability.
145
What is Homeostasis?
Movement toward order and stability in a system.
146
What is Open System?
System interacting with its environment.
147
What is Subsystem?
Smaller systems within a larger system.
148
What is Substance Dependence?
A more severe condition involving tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive use of substances.
149
What is Sexual Abuse?
Non-consensual sexual acts or exploitation.
150
What is Globalization?
Increasing interconnection and interdependence among global communities.
151
What are Co-Occurring Disorders?
Presence of mental health and substance use disorders simultaneously.
152
What are the theories of couples development?
Stages in relationships including romance, power struggle, stability, commitment, and co-creation.
153
What are the Stages of Group Development?
Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.
154
What is Feminist Theory?
Examines power structures and advocates for gender equality.
155
What is Psychodrama?
Therapeutic use of drama techniques to explore and resolve issues.
156
What are ADLs?
Activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.
157
What is Transgender?
Individuals whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.
158
What is Sexual Orientation?
Pattern of romantic or sexual attraction.
159
What is Sexual Behavior?
Actions related to sexual activity.
160
What is Sexual Identity?
Self-concept of one’s sexual orientation.
161
What is Sexual Identity?
Self-concept of one’s sexual orientation
## Footnote
Includes terms like heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual.
162
What is Pluralism?
Coexistence of diverse cultures within a society
## Footnote
Involves social hierarchies and divisions.
163
What is Stratification?
Social hierarchies and divisions
## Footnote
Reflects the unequal distribution of resources.
164
What is the Family Life Cycle?
Revisited to include detailed transitions within family units
## Footnote
Encompasses stages from formation to dissolution.
165
What is Suppression (defense mechanism)?
Consciously pushing unwanted thoughts out of awareness
## Footnote
Example: A student chooses not to think about an upcoming exam to enjoy their evening.
166
What is Repression (defense mechanism)?
Unconsciously blocking painful memories
## Footnote
Example: A person cannot recall details of a traumatic event in childhood.
167
What is Regression (defense mechanism)?
Reverting to behaviors of an earlier stage of development
## Footnote
Example: An overwhelmed adult cuddles a stuffed toy for comfort.
168
What is Acting Out (defense mechanism)?
Expressing feelings through actions instead of words
## Footnote
Example: A teenager slams doors after an argument.
169
What is Dissociation (defense mechanism)?
Disconnecting from reality to escape distress
## Footnote
Example: Zoning out during a stressful meeting.
170
What is Compensation (defense mechanism)?
Emphasizing strengths to offset weaknesses
## Footnote
Example: Excelling academically to boost self-esteem.
171
What is Derealization (defense mechanism)?
Feeling that the environment is unreal
## Footnote
Example: Feeling surroundings are fake under stress.
172
What is Identifying with the Aggressor (defense mechanism)?
Adopting traits of someone causing harm
## Footnote
Example: A bullied child starts bullying others.
173
What is Isolation of Affect (defense mechanism)?
Separating emotions from ideas or events
## Footnote
Example: A doctor discusses a terminal diagnosis clinically.
174
What is Rationalization (defense mechanism)?
Justifying actions with logical reasons
## Footnote
Example: Blaming the teacher for an exam failure.
175
What is Displacement (defense mechanism)?
Redirecting emotions to a safer target
## Footnote
Example: Taking frustration with a boss out on family.
176
What is Denial (defense mechanism)?
Refusing to accept reality
## Footnote
Example: Insisting one is healthy despite serious illness.
177
What is Undoing (defense mechanism)?
Trying to reverse a negative action with a positive one
## Footnote
Example: Buying a gift after being rude.
178
What is Sublimation (defense mechanism)?
Channeling negative impulses into positive activities
## Footnote
Example: Becoming a professional boxer to channel aggression.
179
What is Identification (defense mechanism)?
Adopting behaviors or traits of someone admired
## Footnote
Example: Mimicking a successful boss.
180
What is Projection (defense mechanism)?
Attributing one’s own feelings to someone else
## Footnote
Example: Accusing a friend of being angry when one feels angry.
181
What is Intellectualization (defense mechanism)?
Using logic to avoid emotions
## Footnote
Example: Focusing on disease facts instead of expressing fear.
182
What is Introjection (defense mechanism)?
Adopting the beliefs or values of others
## Footnote
Example: A child takes on their parents’ political beliefs.
183
What is Devaluation (defense mechanism)?
Minimizing the importance of something
## Footnote
Example: Downplaying the significance of a job not received.
184
What is Splitting (defense mechanism)?
Viewing people or situations as entirely good or bad
## Footnote
Example: Seeing a partner as perfect one day and irredeemable the next.
185
What is Entropy?
Movement toward disorder or disorganization in a system
## Footnote
Relevant in various contexts such as psychology and sociology.
186
What is Reaction Formation?
Acting opposite to unacceptable impulses
## Footnote
Example: Being overly kind to a colleague one feels angry towards.
187
What is Elder Abuse?
Abuse or neglect of older adults, including physical, emotional, sexual abuse, or financial exploitation
## Footnote
A serious societal issue that requires awareness and intervention.
188
What is Self-Neglect?
Failure of an individual to meet their own basic needs due to physical or mental impairments
## Footnote
Significant concern in elder care.
189
What is Crisis Intervention?
Short-term strategies to support individuals during a crisis to restore functioning
## Footnote
Essential in mental health and social work.
190
What are Role Theories?
Examines how roles influence behavior and social functioning
## Footnote
Important in understanding social dynamics.
191
What are Sexual Orientation Terms?
Definitions of terms like heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual
## Footnote
Important for understanding sexual identity.
192
What is Coming Out?
The process of recognizing, accepting, and sharing one’s sexual orientation or gender identity
## Footnote
A significant aspect of LGBTQ+ identity development.
193
What is Delirium?
Temporary cognitive impairments caused by underlying conditions or substances
## Footnote
Requires medical attention to address the underlying causes.
194
What are the stages of Grief according to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
## Footnote
A model to understand the emotional responses to loss.
195
What are the five stages of grief according to Kübler-Ross?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
196
What is the key concept of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?
Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling
197
What are the stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
1. Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years)
2. Preoperational (2-7 years)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
4. Formal Operational (12+ years)
198
What is the psychosocial stage for ages 6-12 in Erikson’s theory?
Industry vs. Inferiority
199
What are the four main types of attachment?
Secure, Anxious-Preoccupied, Dismissive-Avoidant, Fearful-Avoidant
200
What is at the base of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs (e.g., food, water, shelter)
201
What does systems theory focus on?
The interconnectedness of individuals and their environments
202
What is structural oppression?
Systemic disadvantages imposed on groups through social, economic, and political structures
203
What are the key principles of trauma-informed care?
Safety, Trustworthiness, Choice, Collaboration, Empowerment
204
True or False: The formal operational stage begins around age 11 and allows for abstract and hypothetical thinking.
True
205
True or False: The latency stage of Freud’s psychosexual development is characterized by active sexual impulses.
False
206
What is the zone of proximal development according to Vygotsky?
Tasks a child can complete with guidance, promoting learning and development
207
What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggest about self-actualization?
Self-actualization must be achieved after addressing physiological needs
208
True or False: Attachment theory suggests that secure attachment in infancy leads to positive outcomes in adult relationships.
True
209
What is the primary task during adolescence according to Erikson?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
210
True or False: Freud’s anal stage focuses on the development of independence and control.
True
211
What does the critical period hypothesis suggest about language acquisition?
Language is most easily learned during early childhood
212
True or False: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory emphasizes development in isolation from environmental factors.
False
213
What is the first stage of Kohlberg’s moral development?
Pre-conventional level, focused on obedience and avoiding punishment
214
What does the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory include?
The child’s immediate relationships and interactions
215
True or False: Kohlberg’s moral development theory includes stages that may not be reached by all individuals.
True
216
What is the role of scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?
Enabling learners to reach their potential with guidance
217
What is the focus of Erikson’s intimacy vs. isolation stage?
Forming close personal relationships and avoiding isolation
218
What does the concept of conservation refer to in Piaget’s cognitive development?
Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance
219
What is the focus of Erikson's stage of intimacy vs. isolation?
Forming close personal relationships and avoiding isolation.
## Footnote
Failure to form meaningful relationships can lead to feelings of loneliness.
220
What is scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory?
Providing support to help learners achieve tasks they cannot complete independently.
## Footnote
It is a key part of enabling learners to reach their potential with guidance.
221
True or False: Adolescents are less likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors due to full development of the prefrontal cortex.
False
## Footnote
The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until the mid-20s, contributing to risk-taking behaviors.
222
What type of memory is likely to decline with age?
Episodic memory retrieval.
## Footnote
While procedural and semantic memory often remain stable, episodic memory can decline.
223
In Kohlberg's theory, what does the conventional level emphasize?
Social approval and law-and-order thinking.
## Footnote
It focuses on conformity to social rules and the maintenance of order in society.
224
At what age do fine motor skills develop rapidly?
Between ages 3 and 5.
## Footnote
This allows for increased dexterity and coordination.
225
Fill in the blank: Object permanence develops during _______.
Piaget's sensorimotor stage.
226
True or False: Authoritative parenting fosters independence and positive social development.
True.
227
What stage of cognitive development suggests children are unable to perform mental operations on concrete objects?
Concrete operational stage.
228
What leads to a sense of fulfillment in Erikson's stage of integrity vs. despair?
Successful resolution of life reflection with a sense of accomplishment.
229
True or False: The pre-conventional stage is based on obedience and avoiding punishment.
True.
230
What characterizes the pre-conventional stage of moral development according to Kohlberg?
Moral reasoning based on obedience and avoiding punishment.
231
What is the focus of Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority?
Developing competence and a sense of achievement.
## Footnote
This stage occurs during childhood (ages 6-12), not adolescence.
232
What can insecure attachment in early childhood lead to?
Difficulties in forming relationships later in life.
