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Health and Social GCSE > human development - pies > Flashcards

human development - pies Flashcards

1
Q

physical development can be divided into?

A

growth - persons size, weight, height etc

motor development - ability to make movements

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2
Q

what are the two parts of motor development?

A

gross motor development

fine motor movements

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3
Q

what is gross motor development ?

A

development of late muscles to make whole body movements - running, jumping
allows mobility

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4
Q

what is fine motor movement?

A

precise muscle movements using fewer muscle groups - picking up a pencil

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5
Q

what is development measured in?

A

milestones

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6
Q

what are milestones?

A

average times at which a person will reach or acquire a specific skill

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7
Q

what happens at 1 month?

gross motor development

A
  • large jerky movements
  • head falls forward when held in sitting position
  • makes reflex stepping movements when held in standing position
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8
Q

what happens at 3 months?

gross motor development

A
  • smoother limb movements
  • kicks vigorously
  • lifts head and upper chest using forearms if placed downwards on face
  • sags at knees when held in standing position
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9
Q

what happens at 6 months?

gross motor development

A
  • lifts legs and grasps foot
  • sits with support
  • holds arms up to be lifted
  • can roll over front to back
  • bears weight on feet and bounces if held in standing position
  • when held in sitting position, head is firmly erect and straight back
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10
Q

9 months?

gross motor development

A
  • sits alone
  • can turn body to look sideways
  • attempts to crawl
  • pulls self into standing position with support
  • steps purposely if held in standing position
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11
Q

12 months?

gross motor development

A
  • can rise to sitting position from lying down
  • may walk alone
  • walks with one or both hands held
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12
Q

15 months?

gross motor development

A
  • walks unevenly, feet wide apart, arms to help balance
  • bumps into furniture
  • crawls upstairs
  • kneels
  • stoops to pick up toys
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13
Q

18 months?

gross motor development

A
  • walks well and starts safely
  • runs
  • pushes/pulls large toys around floor
  • walks upstairs with help
  • creeps backwards downstairs
  • can carry a large toy while walking
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14
Q

2 years?

gross motor development

A
  • runs safely
  • walks while pulling a large toy
  • climbs on furniture to reach things
  • walks up and down stairs holding rail
  • throws a small ball
  • sits on large toys and propels them forwards with feet on ground
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15
Q

3 years?

gross motor development

A
  • walks upstairs alone - jumps from bottom step coming down
  • can walk on tiptoes
  • can turn around obstacles and corners whilst running and pushing large toys
  • rides tricycle
  • sits with feet crossed at ankles
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16
Q

4 years?

gross motor development

A
  • climbs ladders and toys
  • can run on tiptoes
  • hops on one foot
  • expert tricycle rider
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17
Q

5 years?

gross motor development

A
  • runs lightly on tiptoes
  • dances to music
  • skips on alternate feet
  • can stand in one foot and hop
  • active and skilful at activities such as climbing, sliding and swinging
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18
Q

what are fine motor skills?

A

physical skills
involve use of hands, fingers and thumbs
use of these gradually increases as the child gains greater control of their body

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19
Q

what happens at 3-9 months?

fine motor skills

A

3- grasping
4- playing with fingers and toes
6- handling and holding toys and objects
6-9 - attempting to move toys from hand to hand

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20
Q

10 months?

fine motor skills development

A

10- able to pick up small objects between finger and thumb - pincer grasp

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21
Q

what happens at development continues?

fine motor skills development

A 
6-9- pulling toys towards themselves
6-9 clapping and waving
9-12 - picking up objects
9-12 pointing at objects of interest
18- making attempts to feed themselves
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22
Q

development of fine motor skills in toddlers?

A

12- pushing and pulling wheeled toys
18- turning book pages
18- holding crayon , clumsy (primitive) grasp

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23
Q

fine motor skills development in children?

A

3 years - catching and throwing ball
3-4 years - using scissors with control
3-4 years - develop pencil skills (with tripod grasp)
4 years - threading beads - early sewing skills

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24
Q

what is the first stage of developing the skills to be able to hold a pencil?

A
  1. grasp with whole hand, grasping anything near e.g. shirt, mums clothes, blanket
    called the palmar grasp
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25
Q

what is the second stage of developing the skills to be able to hold a pencil?

A
  1. between 10-12 months - start to use index finger and thumb to pick up small objects
    called pincer grasp
    important to check unsuitable objects are out of way incase put in their mouth
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26
Q

what is the third stage of developing the skills to be able to hold a pencil?

A
  1. as toddlers use crayons, hold them awkwardly in a clumsy primitive grasp
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27
Q

what is the fourth stage of developing the skills to be able to hold a pencil?

A
  1. eventually with encouragement, children develop control of hand, fingers and thumb to hold a pencil
    called a tripod grasp
    helps to use scissors with control
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28
Q

what is intellectual development?

A

developing thinking abilities

includes remembering things, speaking and understanding language, problem solving, decision making and learning concepts

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29
Q

what are concepts?

A

height and size, right or wrong, numbers, colours, time, shape, weight, money, living/non-living

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30
Q

what does emotional development involve?

A

developing positive and negative feelings about everyday situations
includes the development of self concept

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31
Q

what is self concept?

A

the beliefs a person has about them self. includes self esteem

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32
Q

what is self esteem?

A

a persons beliefs about their own value

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33
Q

what is social development

A

developing the skills and routines that enable people to get along with eachther - manners , sharing

34
Q

physical development in infancy

A

grow very fast
- 50cm at birth, 75cm by 1 year
-3kg weight at birth, 8kg at one year
milk teeth appear at 6 months, replaced with adult teeth later

35
Q

what is growth measured in?

A

percentile charts- contain an average range of growth

above or below needs attention

36
Q

intellectual development of infancy?

A

most important lifestage for learning
learn through play, copying, imitation, trial and error
language skills develop e.g. naming objects, following simple commands, simple sentences, questions, understanding
thinking skills - concepts

37
Q

emotional development in infancy

A

show positive and negative emotions from birth - crying, smiling
2 years- have tantrums

38
Q

what are tantrums?

A

when they can’t control their feelings so can’t express themselves

39
Q

what is the best way to control tantrums

A

distraction - short attention span

40
Q

what begins to develop in infancy?

emotional development

A

self concept
18 months - recognise pictures of selves at the time
can’t see past or future

41
Q

what is an important event in emotional development?

A

attachment - 7 months - 1 year
develop strong attachment to primary carer
any separation causes major upset

42
Q

what is also used to mean attachment

A

bonding - security with one person to become more confident with moving away and exploring world
attachment is important for self esteem and confidence in themselves

43
Q

social development in infancy?

A

develops in the first few weeks of life
infants like to look at faces rather than objects
as attachment develops, security of knowing someone is near allows the child to play on its own

44
Q

physical development in childhood

A

child continues to grow and gain weight at a slow rate
bladder control is complete
milk teeth replaced by permanent teeth - 12 years or later

45
Q

gross motor development in childhood

A

better co ordination and mobility- can jump, hop, ride a bike
balance, sight, strength increases as does stamina

46
Q

fine motor development in childhood

A

control over small movements increases
can draw recognisable objects
can catch a ball and use household objects - tin openers

47
Q

intellectual development in childhood

A

develop curiosity and learn about the world
want to find out information
like stories and using their imagination
vocabulary increases
learn to read and write
develop problem solving skills - simple maths problems
understand rules of games and other points of view
remember things - birthdays
remember earlier experiences 3 years earliest memory of themselves

48
Q

emotional development in childhood

A

better at controlling emotions
express and hide emotions better - trip up, make a decision to cry or not
develop autonomy and independence
cope with separations for a short period of time
develop empathy and sensitivity to others feelings
self concept develops to include abilities of themselves e.g. sports

49
Q

social development in childhood

A

further their ability to share, take turns and co operate
attachment starts to divide as friendships develop
begin to have special friends but friendships don’t last long

50
Q

what are the two important aspects of growth during physical development in adolescents

A

adolescent growth spurt

puberty

51
Q

what happens in the adolescent growth spurt

A

very fast growth growth - height
girls - 10 years and peaks at 12
boys- 12-15years
growth of muscles follow later
growth of arms and legs is rapid - quickly outgrow clothes
girls - hips become wider
boys- shoulders become broader, greater muscle development than girls

52
Q

what happens in puberty

A

become more sexually mature - able to reproduce

the result of growth linked to the increased production of sex hormones

53
Q

what do the sex hormones include?

A

oestrogen and progesterone - present more in girls than boys

testosterone - present more in boys than girls

54
Q

what happens in puberty for girls

A
  • increased size of vagina
  • menstruation
  • ovulation
55
Q

what happens in puberty for boys?

A
  • increase in size of testes and penis
  • erection
  • sperm production
56
Q

girls secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • breasts develop

- public hair

57
Q

boys secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • facial hair
  • voice breaking
  • pubic hair
58
Q

motor development in adolescents

A

increase in strength, stamina, co ordination and motor skills - particularly if they practice
highly technical gross motor skills developed - dance, rock climbing
technical fine motor skills develop - instrument, hair dressing

59
Q

intellectual development in adolescents

A

problem solving skills develop into solving hypothetical problems - algebra
ability to convent increases
language skills continue to improve - organise information to give long speech
learning continues
strategies for learning information are used
some loose curiosity to learnt hat they had as a child

60
Q

emotional development in adolescents

A

-body image becomes more important in self concept
-self consciousness develops
- over react in situations - mood swings
- gradually rely less on parents, more on friends for emotional support
- attachment reduces
-autonomy (independence) increases
can lead to dislike of being controlled by others - challenging authorities
-powerful sexual feelings due to puberty

61
Q

what is body image

A

the beliefs a person has about their own body shape and size
different body images - reduce self confidence and self esteem

62
Q

what does self consciousness mean

A

when a person begins to think about what other people may be thinking about them
can be embarrassing
blushing and shyness can be a problem

63
Q

why do mood swings happen

A

because of emotional over reactions which happen party because of the actions of hormones

64
Q

social development in adolescents

A

-social skills increase, can still experience social awkwardness
-can still upset/offend people - lack of ability to see the effects of actions
-friendships become deeper and longer lasting - more often to talk to them
-increase in circle of friends- based in interests - sport, music
- develop relationships with people - boyfriends/girlfriends due to sexual attraction
often quite brief

65
Q

physical development in adulthood

growth

A

don’t increase in height
can gain weight due to increase in body fats
in more active adults- weight gain due to muscle growth
eyesight gets poorer- need glasses
some men loose hair from scalp
towards end of stage - hair on head usually turns grey

66
Q

the menopause

A 
at the end of adulthood - 45-55 years women 
end of women's ability to conceive
stop producing eggs and stop ovulating
stop menstruating and are infertile
side effects : hot flushes, night sweats
mood swings , headaches
67
Q

what are hot flushes

A

sudden increases in temperature - 5 minutes

68
Q

why do headaches happen in menopause

A

change of production of sex hormones - les oestrogen and progesterone

69
Q

do men have male hormones

A

no, become less fertile as older
no sudden end to fertility
some loose ability to have erections (impotence)
some loose sexual motivation/interest in partners

70
Q

who are more likely to become impotent

A

overweight, alcoholics, smoke heavily

71
Q

motor development in adulthood

A

early in adulthood- increase in strength, stamina and co ordination
around 30- these feature decline
motor skills used in everyday situations are fault well maintained in healthy adults
end of adulthood- joints become less flexible feel stiffer

72
Q

intellectual development in adulthood

A

learn little compared to children - loose curiosity
intellectual skills tend to decrease
exceptions : young adults in uni, scientists
practical knowledge and experience of situations increases
enables more sensible decisions

73
Q

what is experience built up over years sometimes called ?

A

wisdom

74
Q

emotional development in adulthood

A

self concept continues to develop- family, work and achievements important features
less self conscious than adolescents, gain confidence with experience
concern with body image less than adolescents- long term stable relationships
more emotionally stable, better at controlling feelings

75
Q

social development in adulthood

A

early adulthood- form long term partnerships : based on sexual relationships
lot of people have children, develop skills needed to look after them
parents form strong bond with child - love, strong urge to protect
develop relationships with people at work- friendships
with experience, social skills e.g. leadership increase

76
Q

physical development in later adulthood

growth

A

no growth occurs
get smaller because discs in the spine thin and dry out
bones become brittle - falls more likely result in broken bones
weight usually reduces - loss of muscle and fat
blood pressure increases, as well as risk of strokes and heart disease
more likely to get infections - immune system not as good
skin becomes thinner and less elastic
wrinkles
liver spots
more likely to bruise
hair becomes thinner and turns white
loss of teeth and hearing
urinate more
long sighted
sense of taste and smell reduce

77
Q

physical development in later adulthood

motor development

A

loss of motor skills rather than development
reduced strength, stamina, flexibility - weaker and less agile
reduced mobility / problems walking more common
slower reaction times
changes mean they are more likely to trip or fall

78
Q

what is a stroke

A

leakage of blood in the brain

79
Q

intellectual development in later adulthood

A

little to no intellectual development
loss of thinking, problem solving, language skills and memory
find it hard to adapt to new situations and ideas
slow in thought, lose a train of thought, forget things
action slips -pouring tea into milk jug
less short term memory , more long term memory
alzheimer’s- remember things from long ago

80
Q

what do many people do after retirement?

intellectual development

A

continue to learn and take up new interests
activities that require problem solving - crosswords, board games - reduce or delay intellectual decline
if continue working - use wisdom

81
Q

emotional development in later adulthood

A

retirement - less valued, wondering what purpose their life can serve
for some , job is important for self concept- retirement is a loss/ reduce self esteem
loss of confidence, especially if can’t do things for themselves
some carry on long term sexual relationships - enjoyment
seth of partner is likely - upsetting , isolated and lonely

82
Q

social development in later adulthood

A

friendship circle become smaller - death of friends, retirement homes
leave the house less - reduced mobility and increased weakness
social isolation -loss of social skills
selfishness increases - harder to make friends, friendships less satisfying
lunch clubs day centres - reduce isolation , make friends

Health and Social GCSE (5 decks)

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