Human Evolution

Question 1

define hominids

Answer 1

Biological group consisting of baboons, chimps, bonobos, gorills and orangutans (apes) modern humans and early human anscestors

Question 2

define Hominins

Answer 2

subgroup of homonids consisting of modern humans and earlier human anscestors

Question 3

Define Primates

Answer 3

biological group consisting of lemus, baboons, chimps and early human anscestors/ humans that shared characteristics (bipedalism)

Question 4

What is a phylogentic tree? (vs Cladogram)

Answer 4

Branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships of biological species
(shows distance compared to cladogram showing shared charecteristics)

Question 5

Explain humans in the animal Kingdom

Answer 5

Kingdom Animalea, Class: Mammalia, order: Primates, Family: homonidea, Genus: homo, Species: Sapiens

Question 6

8 shared human and ape characteristics

Answer 6

Large brain for info storage
Binocular/ stereoscopic vision- view in front of skull
Upright posture- see predators
Diurnal- active during the day
Sexual Dimorphism- difference in appearences of sexes
free rotating shoulder and elbow joint to swivel and lift
lack of tail as not required for balance
opposable thumb- thumb opposite fingers of same hand

Question 7

What is Bipedalism and 4 advantages?

Answer 7

ability to walk on two feet predominantly

ability to have arial vision
free hands for food and tools
display sex organ for mating
energy efficient movement and less sun exposure

Question 8

Homo sapien skull (9)

Answer 8

Large cranium (ore cerebrum for thinking)
no cranial ridge (no muscle attachment required)
less prognatheous jaw
no brow ridge
flat forehead
semi circular palate
small teeth gaps
small canines
forward foraman magnum

Question 9

African ape skull (9)

Answer 9

small cranium (ore cerebrum for thinking)
cranial ridge ( muscle attachment required)
more prognatheous jaw
brow ridge
rectangular palate
large teeth gaps
large canines
backward foraman magnum

Question 10

Difference in ape and homo sapien foramen magnum?

Answer 10

human in a central forward position to allow centre of gravity of skull to balance for bipedalism

ape is central backward to shift balnce forward for qaudrapedalism

Question 11

Difference in ape and homo sapien Spine curvature?

Answer 11

Homo sapien has S shaped spine to shock absorb walking and maintain centre of gravity and balance

ape has C shape to shift balance forward for qaudrapedalism

Question 12

Difference in ape and homo sapien pelvic girldle?

Answer 12

Homo sapian has short and wide pelvic girdle to stack organs vertically to be upright and has femurs in bent for walking and weight balance

ape has long and narrow pelvic gridle for qaudrapedalism

Question 13

Difference in ape and homo sapien jaws, teeth and palate shape?

Answer 13

Homo sapien has a less prognatheous jaw and semi circular palate and small canines as cooking made tearing food redundant

ape has rectangualr palate with more prognatheous jaw for muscle and large canines to tear food

Question 14

what does fossil evidence show in terms of human evolution?

Answer 14

fossil evidence shows the evolutionary process by fossils of different ages to show the gradual change in anatomical differences of organisms.

Question 15

What does ardi, pithecus, homo, sapien and Austro mean?

Answer 15

ardi- ground
pithecus- ground
homo- human
sapien- wise
austro- southern

Question 16

What is the earliest homonin and what folowed?

Answer 16

Ardipithecus
austrolopethicus
homo

Question 17

Ardipithecus stats (height, brain size, foramen magnum, brow ridges, jaws, canines, pelvis existed), where fossil found and by whom?

Answer 17

1,2m
300-350m
forward magnum
large brow ridges
very prognatheous jaw
canines smaller than chimps but large
pelvis for bipedalism and tree climbing
5-4 mya
Tim white ethiopia

Question 18

Austrolopathicus (height, brain size, foramen magnum, brow ridges, jaws, canines, pelvis existed) as going from the 3 types?

Answer 18

afirenses
130- 150cm
375- 550ml
large brow ridges
very prognatheus jaw
large canines
pelvis for bipedalism and tree climbing

africanus
130cm
420-650ml
present brow ridges
moderately prognatheous jaw
smaller canines
pelvis for bipedalism

sediba130cm
420-650ml
present brow ridges
less prognatheous jaw
smaller canines
pelvis for bipedalism

Question 19

where was A afarensis found and by whom?

Answer 19

Lucy- donald johanesen in ethipia

Question 20

where was A africanus found and by whom?

Answer 20

Ms Ples- robert broom
taung child (limestone north west) Raymond dart
little foot ron clarke- sterk fontein caves

Question 21

where was A sediba found and by whom?

Answer 21

KArabo- lee burger malapa caves

Question 22

homo (height, brain size, foramen magnum, brow ridges, jaws, canines, pelvis existed) as going from the 3 types?

Answer 22

Homo Habilis
110-130 cm
650ml
present brow
less prognatheous jaw
small canines
bipdeal pelvis

Homo Eructus
160-180 cm
900-1000ml
slightly present brow ridge
less prognatheous jaw
smaller short canines
bipedal pelvis

Homo Sapiens
1200-1800ml
160-180cm
less prognatheous jaw
smaller short canines
bipedal pelvis

Question 23

where was H habilis found and by whom?

Answer 23

leaky family in tanzania

Question 24

where was H erectus found and by whom?

Answer 24

indonesia and sa by eugene dubois

Question 25

where was H sapiens found and by whom?

Answer 25

earliest by leaky family in ethiopia

Question 26

Two types of genetic evidence and what they show?

Answer 26

nuclear dna- show the relation between species by nucleotide sequences shared and prtein formed mtDNA- show how long species evolved and diverged as markers on mtdna markers change over time (mother genetic dna)

Question 27

How did cultural evidence occur and what are tools and development of tools?

Answer 27

as homo genus brain capacity increased, inteligennce increased and they developed ability to adapt to environment with tool making, fire for warmth and art for cohesion oldowan tools (habilis)- axe (erectus- flakes and shards- blade like- metal and stone (spaiens)

Question 28

Why is cradle of human kind important

Answer 28

has an abundance of hominin fossils which provide fossil evidence for evolution and out of africa theory

Question 29

5 fossils found at cradle of human kind?

Answer 29

Ms ples- robert broom little foot- ron clarke peranthropus (transitional fossil) Karabo- lee burger(malapa) early homo erectus

Question 30

describe out of africa hypothesis

Answer 30

states that homo sapiens originate from africa and migrated over the world as bipedalism developed (erectus) theory as only fossils found and more can be discovered

Question 31

Fossil and genetic evidence for out of africa hypothesis?

Answer 31

fossils- austrolopithecus and ardipithecus found only in africa and early eructus in africa- later in rest of the world show they migrated with bipedalism and increased inteligence genetic- mtDNA of maternal genetic show markers as mt dna mutates. shows that earlierst human anscestor originated from africa and all human anscestors descended from her.