Human Factors Flashcards

Question

Hypothermia

Answer 1

When body temp is below 95°F. When body temperature dissipates heat more than it absorbs

Answer 2

Excess nitrogen in the bloodstream after a Scuba. - Flying to 8,000ft MSL at least 12hrs after scub - 24hrs above 8,000ft MSL

Answer 3

- More sensitive at night to motion - Detect motion - Low light conditions - Peripheral vision, pilots use off center viewing at night

Answer 4

``` Detect (the problem) Estimate (the need to react) Choose (course of action) Identify (solutions) Do (the necessary actions) Evaluate (the effect of the action) ```

Answer 5

Perceive Process Perform

Answer 6

``` Inversion Illusion Coriolis Illusion Elevator False Horizon Leans Autokinesis Graveyard Spin/Spiral Somatogyral ```

Answer 7

Think “anemia” or blood issues, blood cannot transport a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells in the body. “Not enough blood”

Answer 8

- Used for color and acute vision - Color vision - High light conditions - 10° sector scan during the day using central/foveal vision

Answer 9

-The Leans -Coriolis Illusion -Graveyard Spin Graveyard Spiral -Somatogravic Illusion -Inversion Illusion -Elevator Illusion

Answer 10

If entering a turn too slowly to stimulate the motion sensing system in the inner ear, an abrupt correction of a banked attitude can create the illusion of banking in the opposite direction Occurs when the pilot allows a breakdown in the instrument scan The disoriented pilot will roll the aircraft back into its original attitude, or if level flight is maintained, will feel compelled to lean in the perceived vertical plane until this illusion subsides

Answer 11

The Coriolis illusion occurs when a pilot has been in a turn long enough for the fluid in the ear canal to move at the same speed as the canal, which is then followed by an abrupt head movement A movement of the head in a different plane, such as looking at something in a different part of the flight deck or grabbing a chart, may set the fluid moving and create the illusion of turning or accelerating on an entirely different axis The disoriented pilot may maneuver the aircraft into a dangerous attitude in an attempt to correct the aircraft's perceived attitude Pilots must develop an instrument cross-check or scan that involves minimal head movement. Always avoid abrupt maneuvers with your head, especially at night or in instrument conditions, while making prolonged constant-rate turns

Answer 12

Proper recovery from spin stops stimulating motion system An abrupt stop can stimulate a spin in the opposite direction Pilot corrections for this illusion could return the aircraft into the original spin

Answer 13

As in other illusions, a pilot in a prolonged coordinated, constant rate turn will have the illusion of not turning An observed loss of altitude during a coordinated constant-rate turn that has ceased stimulating the motion sensing system can create the illusion of being in a descent with the wings level During the recovery to level flight, the pilot will experience the sensation of turning in the opposite direction (leans) The pilot may return the aircraft to its original turn and, in doing so, continue to lose altitude. Instruments will likely indicate a descent at this point, causing the pilot to try to correct for the illusion of a level descent. Pilot pulls back on yoke, tightening the spiral and increasing loss in altitude

Answer 14

A rapid acceleration, such as experienced during takeoff, stimulates the otolith organs in the same way as tilting the head backward This action creates the illusion of being in a nose-up attitude, especially in situations without good visual references The disoriented pilot may push the aircraft into a nose-low or dive attitude A rapid deceleration by quick reduction of the throttle(s) can have the opposite effect, with the disoriented pilot pulling the aircraft into a nose-up or stall attitude

Answer 15

An abrupt change from climb to straight and level will make the pilot feel like he is tumbling backward The disoriented pilot will push the nose forward (low) and possibly intensify the illusion

Answer 16

An abrupt upward vertical acceleration, as can occur in an updraft, can stimulate the otolith organs to create the illusion of being in a climb The disoriented pilot may push the aircraft into a nose-low attitude An abrupt downward vertical acceleration, usually in a downdraft, has the opposite effect, with the disoriented pilot pulling the aircraft into a nose-up attitude

Answer 17

- False Horizon - Autokinesis - Vertigo - Black-hole Approach

Answer 18

Dark nights tend to eliminate reference to a visual horizon Sloping cloud formations, an obscured horizon, a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars, and specific geometric patterns of ground light can make the illusion of not being aligned with the horizon Geometric patterns of ground light can create illusions of not being aligned correctly with the actual horizon The disoriented pilot will align with an incorrect horizon and hence a dangerous attitude As a result, pilots need to rely less on outside references at night and more on flight and navigation instruments

Answer 19

Caused by staring at a single point of light against a dark background for more than a few seconds After a few moments, the light appears to move on its own The disoriented pilot will lose control of the aircraft in attempting to align it with the light To prevent this illusion, focus the eyes on objects at varying distances and avoid fixating on one target Be sure to maintain a typical scan pattern

Answer 20

A feeling of dizziness and disorientation caused by doubt in visual interpretation Distractions and problems can result from a flickering light in the cockpit, anti-collision light, strobe lights, or other aircraft lights and can cause flicker vertigo Often experienced from a lack of a well-defined horizon Also experienced leaving a well-lit area (a runway) into darkness Possible physical reactions include nausea, dizziness, grogginess, unconsciousness, headaches, or confusion

Answer 21

When landing at night from over water or non-lighted terrain, the runway lights are the only source of light Without peripheral visual cues to help, pilots will have trouble orientating themselves relative to Earth (horizon) The runway can seem out of position (down-sloping or up-sloping) and, in the worse case, results in landing short of the runway Utilize visual glide-slope indicators, if available If navigation aids (NAVAIDs) are unavailable, pilots should pay careful attention to using the flight instruments to assist in maintaining orientation and a normal approach Night landings are further complicated by the difficulty of judging distance and the possibility of confusing approach and runway lights: Bright runway and approach lighting systems, mainly where few lights illuminate the surrounding terrain, may create the illusion of less distance to the runway leading to a higher-than-normal approach When flying over terrain with only a few lights, it will make the runway recede or appear farther away, leading to a lower-than-normal approach If the runway has a city in the distance on higher terrain, the tendency will be to fly a lower-than-normal approach A good review of the airfield layout and boundaries before initiating any approach will help the pilot maintain a safe approach angle For example, when a double row of approach lights joins the boundary lights of the runway, there can be confusion where the approach lights terminate, and runway lights begin Under certain conditions, approach lights can make the aircraft seem higher in a turn to final than when its wings are level The pilot should execute a go-around if at any time he or she is unsure of their position or altitude

Answer 22

- Runway Width - Runway Slope - Featureless Terrain - Ground Lighting

Answer 23

A narrower-than-usual runway can create an illusion the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is, especially when runway length-to-width relationships are comparable The pilot who does not recognize this illusion will fly a lower approach, with the risk of striking objects along the approach path or landing short A wider-than-usual runway can have the opposite effect, with the risk of leveling out high and landing hard or overshooting the runway

Answer 24

An up-sloping runway, up-sloping terrain, or both, can create an illusion the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is The pilot who does not recognize this illusion will fly a lower approach Down-sloping runways and down-sloping approach terrain can cause pilots to fly higher approaches Flying a higher approach can impact landing performance, eating into runway available and devolving into higher approach speeds as pilots attempt to lose excess altitude.

Answer 25

Lack of horizon or surface reference is common on overwater flights, at night, or in low visibility conditions An absence of surrounding ground features, such as overwater approach, darkened area, or terrain made featureless by snow, can create an illusion the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is This illusion is sometimes referred to as the "black hole approach" (explained above), causing pilots to fly a lower approach than is desired

Answer 26

Light along a straight path such as a road can be mistaken for a runway Bright runway and approach lighting systems, especially where few lights illuminate the surrounding terrain, may create the illusion of less distance to the runway, causing pilots to fly a higher approach Conversely, the pilot overflying terrain which has few lights to provide height cues may make a lower than normal approach

Answer 27

- Water Refraction - Haze - Fog

Answer 28

Rain on the windscreen can create an illusion of being at a higher altitude due to the horizon appearing lower than it is. This can result in flying a lower approach than is desired.

Answer 29

Haze can create an illusion of being farther from the runway As a result, the pilot will tend to be low on the approach Extremely clear air (clear, bright conditions of a high altitude airport) can give the pilot the illusion of being closer to the runway. As a result, the pilot will tend to fly high on approach, which may result in an overshoot or go around. The diffusion of light due to water particles on the windshield can adversely affect depth perception The lights and terrain features normally used to gauge height during landing become less effective for the pilot

Answer 30

Penetration of fog can create an illusion of pitching up May cause for a steepened approach quite abruptly

Human Factors Flashcards

(54 cards)