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PPL Airman Certification Standards > Human Factors > Flashcards

Human Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lack of Oxygen
Symptoms: headache, drowsy, blue fingernails/lips, sense well being
Cause: insufficient oxygen in blood, low pressure at altitude
Remedy: use of supplemental oxygen, descend to lower altitude, land as soon as practicable

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2
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Symptoms: increased breathing rate, dizziness, tingling fingers/toes, visual impairment
Cause: abnormal loss of carbon dioxide in blood, from rapid breathing, can be a reaction to stress
Remedy: return breathing to normal, breathe into a plastic bag, talk out loud

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3
Q

Spatial Disorientation

A

Cause: no visual references. Illusions caused by motion (centrifugal force, gravity, small velocity changes)
Symptoms: Brain can’t determine orientation based on normal senses. Vertigo
Remedy: training, rely on instruments

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4
Q

Motion Sickness

A

Cause: Vestibular system in conflict with vision
Symptoms: nausea, warm, sick to stomach
Remedy: fresh air, focus on something in the distance, slow breathing, limit fast head movement, close eyes

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5
Q

Stress/Fatigue

A

Cause: over worked, lack of sleep, stressful situations
Symptoms: poor decision making
Remedy: rest

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6
Q

Dehydration

A

Cause: loss of water from the body, hot cockpit
Symptoms: headache, fatigue, cramping, dizziness
Remedy: drink fluids, keep hydrated

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7
Q

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

A

Cause: Odorless gas. Smelling exhaust gas is a good sign.
Symptoms: headache, drowsiness, dizziness, tightness in forehead
Can significantly reduce the ability of the blood to carry oxygen
Effects of Hypemic Hypoxia can occur
Remedy: Open windows, turn off heater

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8
Q

Alcohol/Drugs Regulations

A
  • Cannot drink less than 8 hours before you fly
  • Cannot have more .04% BAC before flying
  • Not under the influence (hungover)
  • Conviction of Alcohol or Drug use while driving: written report to FAA Civil Aviation Security Division no later than 60 days after conviction. Cert. May be suspended or revoked
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9
Q

Aeronautical Decision Making

A

A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances

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10
Q

5 Hazardous Attitudes

A 
Anti-Authority
Impulsivity
Invulnerability
Macho
Resignation
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11
Q

Anti-Authority

A

“Don’t tell me what to do”

Antidote: Follow the rules. They are usually right

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12
Q

Impulsivity

A

“Do it quickly”

Antidote: Not so fast. Think first

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13
Q

Impulsivity

A

“It won’t happen to me”

Antidote: It could happen to me

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14
Q

Invulnerability

A

“It won’t happen to me”

Antidote: It could happen to me

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15
Q

Macho

A

“I can do it”

Antidote: Taking chances is foolish

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16
Q

Resignation

A

“What’s the use”

Antidote: I’m not helpless, I can make a difference

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17
Q

Alcohol Effects

A

As little as 1oz liquor, 1 bottle of beer, 4oz of wine can impair flying skills. Alcohol also renders a pilot more susceptible to disorientation and hypoxia.

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18
Q

IMSAFE

A 
Illness:
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Emotion
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19
Q

PAVE

A

Pilot
Aircraft
EnVironment
External Factors

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20
Q

Positive Aircraft Control

A

I’m controlling the aircraft, the aircraft isn’t controlling me.

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21
Q

Hypoxic Hypoxia

A

Not enough oxygen in your surroundings. Decrease in the number of oxygen molecules at lower pressure altitudes can lead to hypoxic Hypoxia.

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22
Q

Stagnant Hypoxia

A

“Not flowing” A blood circulation issue to the tissues. Leg falling asleep. Can be from G-Forces.

23
Q

Histotoxic Hypoxia

A

The organ/tissue/cells themselves cannot use the oxygen efficiently. Could be Alcohol related.

24
Q

Middle ear and sinus problems

A

Vestibular system, organs found in the inner ear that sense position by the way we are balanced

25
Q

Hypothermia

A

When body temp is below 95°F. When body temperature dissipates heat more than it absorbs

26
Q

Decompression Sickness

A

Excess nitrogen in the bloodstream after a Scuba.

  • Flying to 8,000ft MSL at least 12hrs after scub
  • 24hrs above 8,000ft MSL
27
Q

Optics: Rods

A
  • More sensitive at night to motion
  • Detect motion
  • Low light conditions
  • Peripheral vision, pilots use off center viewing at night
28
Q

DECIDE Model

A 
Detect (the problem)
Estimate (the need to react)
Choose (course of action)
Identify (solutions)
Do (the necessary actions)
Evaluate (the effect of the action)
29
Q

3P Model FAA Safety

A

Perceive
Process
Perform

30
Q

ICEFLAGS (Spatial Disorientation)

A 
Inversion Illusion
Coriolis Illusion
Elevator
False Horizon
Leans
Autokinesis
Graveyard Spin/Spiral
Somatogyral
31
Q

Hypemic Hypoxia

A

Think “anemia” or blood issues, blood cannot transport a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells in the body. “Not enough blood”

32
Q

Optics: Cones

A
  • Used for color and acute vision
  • Color vision
  • High light conditions
  • 10° sector scan during the day using central/foveal vision
33
Q

Vestibular System Illusions

A

-The Leans
-Coriolis Illusion
-Graveyard Spin
Graveyard Spiral
-Somatogravic Illusion
-Inversion Illusion
-Elevator Illusion

34
Q

The Leans

A

If entering a turn too slowly to stimulate the motion sensing system in the inner ear, an abrupt correction of a banked attitude can create the illusion of banking in the opposite direction

Occurs when the pilot allows a breakdown in the instrument scan

The disoriented pilot will roll the aircraft back into its original attitude, or if level flight is maintained, will feel compelled to lean in the perceived vertical plane until this illusion subsides

35
Q

Coriolis illusion

A

The Coriolis illusion occurs when a pilot has been in a turn long enough for the fluid in the ear canal to move at the same speed as the canal, which is then followed by an abrupt head movement

A movement of the head in a different plane, such as looking at something in a different part of the flight deck or grabbing a chart, may set the fluid moving and create the illusion of turning or accelerating on an entirely different axis

The disoriented pilot may maneuver the aircraft into a dangerous attitude in an attempt to correct the aircraft’s perceived attitude

Pilots must develop an instrument cross-check or scan that involves minimal head movement. Always avoid abrupt maneuvers with your head, especially at night or in instrument conditions, while making prolonged constant-rate turns

36
Q

Graveyard Spin

A

Proper recovery from spin stops stimulating motion system

An abrupt stop can stimulate a spin in the opposite direction

Pilot corrections for this illusion could return the aircraft into the original spin

37
Q

Graveyard Spiral

A

As in other illusions, a pilot in a prolonged coordinated, constant rate turn will have the illusion of not turning

An observed loss of altitude during a coordinated constant-rate turn that has ceased stimulating the motion sensing system can create the illusion of being in a descent with the wings level

During the recovery to level flight, the pilot will experience the sensation of turning in the opposite direction (leans)

The pilot may return the aircraft to its original turn and, in doing so, continue to lose altitude. Instruments will likely indicate a descent at this point, causing the pilot to try to correct for the illusion of a level descent.
Pilot pulls back on yoke, tightening the spiral and increasing loss in altitude

38
Q

Somatogravic illusion

A

A rapid acceleration, such as experienced during takeoff, stimulates the otolith organs in the same way as tilting the head backward

This action creates the illusion of being in a nose-up attitude, especially in situations without good visual references

The disoriented pilot may push the aircraft into a nose-low or dive attitude

A rapid deceleration by quick reduction of the throttle(s) can have the opposite effect, with the disoriented pilot pulling the aircraft into a nose-up or stall attitude

39
Q

Inversion illusion

A

An abrupt change from climb to straight and level will make the pilot feel like he is tumbling backward

The disoriented pilot will push the nose forward (low) and possibly intensify the illusion

40
Q

Elevator illusion

A

An abrupt upward vertical acceleration, as can occur in an updraft, can stimulate the otolith organs to create the illusion of being in a climb

The disoriented pilot may push the aircraft into a nose-low attitude

An abrupt downward vertical acceleration, usually in a downdraft, has the opposite effect, with the disoriented pilot pulling the aircraft into a nose-up attitude

41
Q

Vision/Night illusions

A
  • False Horizon
  • Autokinesis
  • Vertigo
  • Black-hole Approach
42
Q

False Horizon

A

Dark nights tend to eliminate reference to a visual horizon

Sloping cloud formations, an obscured horizon, a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars, and specific geometric patterns of ground light can make the illusion of not being aligned with the horizon

Geometric patterns of ground light can create illusions of not being aligned correctly with the actual horizon

The disoriented pilot will align with an incorrect horizon and hence a dangerous attitude

As a result, pilots need to rely less on outside references at night and more on flight and navigation instruments

43
Q

Autokinesis

A

Caused by staring at a single point of light against a dark background for more than a few seconds
After a few moments, the light appears to move on its own

The disoriented pilot will lose control of the aircraft in attempting to align it with the light

To prevent this illusion, focus the eyes on objects at varying distances and avoid fixating on one target
Be sure to maintain a typical scan pattern

44
Q

Vertigo

A

A feeling of dizziness and disorientation caused by doubt in visual interpretation

Distractions and problems can result from a flickering light in the cockpit, anti-collision light, strobe lights, or other aircraft lights and can cause flicker vertigo

Often experienced from a lack of a well-defined horizon
Also experienced leaving a well-lit area (a runway) into darkness

Possible physical reactions include nausea, dizziness, grogginess, unconsciousness, headaches, or confusion

45
Q

Black-hole Approach

A

When landing at night from over water or non-lighted terrain, the runway lights are the only source of light
Without peripheral visual cues to help, pilots will have trouble orientating themselves relative to Earth (horizon)

The runway can seem out of position (down-sloping or up-sloping) and, in the worse case, results in landing short of the runway

Utilize visual glide-slope indicators, if available
If navigation aids (NAVAIDs) are unavailable, pilots should pay careful attention to using the flight instruments to assist in maintaining orientation and a normal approach

Night landings are further complicated by the difficulty of judging distance and the possibility of confusing approach and runway lights:

Bright runway and approach lighting systems, mainly where few lights illuminate the surrounding terrain, may create the illusion of less distance to the runway leading to a higher-than-normal approach

When flying over terrain with only a few lights, it will make the runway recede or appear farther away, leading to a lower-than-normal approach
If the runway has a city in the distance on higher terrain, the tendency will be to fly a lower-than-normal approach

A good review of the airfield layout and boundaries before initiating any approach will help the pilot maintain a safe approach angle
For example, when a double row of approach lights joins the boundary lights of the runway, there can be confusion where the approach lights terminate, and runway lights begin
Under certain conditions, approach lights can make the aircraft seem higher in a turn to final than when its wings are level
The pilot should execute a go-around if at any time he or she is unsure of their position or altitude

46
Q

Landing illusions

A
  • Runway Width
  • Runway Slope
  • Featureless Terrain
  • Ground Lighting
47
Q

Runway Width

A

A narrower-than-usual runway can create an illusion the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is, especially when runway length-to-width relationships are comparable

The pilot who does not recognize this illusion will fly a lower approach, with the risk of striking objects along the approach path or landing short

A wider-than-usual runway can have the opposite effect, with the risk of leveling out high and landing hard or overshooting the runway

48
Q

Runway Slope

A

An up-sloping runway, up-sloping terrain, or both, can create an illusion the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is

The pilot who does not recognize this illusion will fly a lower approach

Down-sloping runways and down-sloping approach terrain can cause pilots to fly higher approaches

Flying a higher approach can impact landing performance, eating into runway available and devolving into higher approach speeds as pilots attempt to lose excess altitude.

49
Q

Featureless Terrain

A

Lack of horizon or surface reference is common on overwater flights, at night, or in low visibility conditions

An absence of surrounding ground features, such as overwater approach, darkened area, or terrain made featureless by snow, can create an illusion the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is

This illusion is sometimes referred to as the “black hole approach” (explained above), causing pilots to fly a lower approach than is desired

50
Q

Ground Lighting

A

Light along a straight path such as a road can be mistaken for a runway

Bright runway and approach lighting systems, especially where few lights illuminate the surrounding terrain, may create the illusion of less distance to the runway, causing pilots to fly a higher approach

Conversely, the pilot overflying terrain which has few lights to provide height cues may make a lower than normal approach

51
Q

Atmospheric illusions

A
  • Water Refraction
  • Haze
  • Fog
52
Q

Water Refraction

A

Rain on the windscreen can create an illusion of being at a higher altitude due to the horizon appearing lower than it is. This can result in flying a lower approach than is desired.

53
Q

Haze

A

Haze can create an illusion of being farther from the runway

As a result, the pilot will tend to be low on the approach

Extremely clear air (clear, bright conditions of a high altitude airport) can give the pilot the illusion of being closer to the runway. As a result, the pilot will tend to fly high on approach, which may result in an overshoot or go around.

The diffusion of light due to water particles on the windshield can adversely affect depth perception
The lights and terrain features normally used to gauge height during landing become less effective for the pilot

54
Q

Fog

A

Penetration of fog can create an illusion of pitching up

May cause for a steepened approach quite abruptly

PPL Airman Certification Standards (11 decks)

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