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Human Factors Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

According to Rasmussen what are skilled based behaviours

A

Routine activities conducted automatically
Do not require conscious allocation of attentional resources
Determined by stored preprogrammed patterns of instructions
Inability to verbalise

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2
Q

What are rule based behaviours

A

Activities controlled by a set of stored rules or procedures

Rules can be verbalised

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3
Q

What are 2 important points about competence

A

Controller confidence

Deteriorating competence

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4
Q

Human error is not random and can be….

A

A function of system design

Task, equipment, procedures, traffic demands

Associated with controller attributes

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5
Q

What is accident causation model usually known as

A

Swiss cheese model

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6
Q

Information about aircraft is usually spilt into 2 groups

A

Quantitative

Qualitative

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7
Q

What does ABES stand for

A

Abnormal and emergency scenarios

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8
Q

Human factors in ATC contain interaction with

A

People
Procedures
Equipment

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9
Q

How can an environment be characterised

A

Physically
Cognitively
Organisationally

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10
Q

What is the causation chain

A

All related windows of opportunity at all levels align this leading to an accident

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11
Q

What can mistakes be subdivided into

A

Errors of judgement

Poor controlling techniques

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12
Q

What can overconfidence lead to?

A

Complacency

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13
Q

Why is overconfidence bad in ATC

A

Gives feeling of invincibility and may tempt ATCO to take chances which would not normally be considered

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14
Q

What are the factors affecting non verbal communication

A 
Touch 
Expression 
Speed of movement 
Tone 
Gestures
Loudness 
Pitch
Body language 
Proxemics (personal space)
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15
Q

What are the causes of fatigue

A

Disturbed rhythms
Demanding tasks
Cumulative effects
Stress

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of ATCO error

A

Slip
Lapse
Mistake

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17
Q

What are knowledge based behaviours

A

Stored rules don’t apply and a plan must be developed
The plan often needs to change based on situation
Performance is goal controlled

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18
Q

What is serialist strategy

A

Like info to be given bit by bit in a neat logical order

Don’t like uncertainty in learning

Cautious about accepting explanation offered

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of learner

A

Surface

Deep

Strategic

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20
Q

What are the 4 major mechanisms for info processing

A

Sensory

Perceptual

Decision

Effector of response

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21
Q

What is the difference between fatigue and tiredness

A

Fatigue is where there is no certainty that a person could be aroused/motivated in an emergency situation even when considerable stimulus is present

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22
Q

Why might users be unaware of liveware hardware deficiencies

A

Because natural human characteristic to adapt to L-H deficiency so may be unaware of how bad it’s became

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23
Q

What is the learning process according to blooms cognitive taxonomy

A 
Knowledge 
Understanding 
Application 
Analysis 
Synthesis 
Evaluation
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24
Q

What is the window of opportunity

A

Opportunity for active and latent errors to contribute to an accident

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25
What are latent errors
Remaining contributory elements in organisation Factors that could contribute to an accident
26
Some factors affecting human errors are
``` Job satisfaction Fatigue Lack of skill Lack of info Distraction Multi tasking Misunderstanding ```
27
How can fatigue be overcome
Sleep Rest Increasing physical fitness
28
What is chronic fatigue
Long term fatigue
29
What is acute fatigue
Induced by long duty periods or a string of particularly demanding tasks performed in a short term
30
What are some reasons against automation
Over reliance on computers Decrease In staff numbers Decrease in team participation Programmed mistakes - limited options
31
What are the points in the communication process
``` Sender Encoder Transmitter Signal Interface Reception Decoder Receiver ```
32
What does the Rasmussen model state
That there are 3 types of performance classifications Skill based Knowledge based Rule based
33
What are the 3 types of performance classification set out by Rasmussen
Skill Knowledge Rule
34
Name some developments in ATC alternative solutions
Replacement of manual functions by automation Flexible use of airspace Change from short term tactical to strategic pre planning
35
What do the letters of SHEL stand for
Software Hardware Environment Liveware
36
What are hear back read back errors
When ATCO fails to properly hear back and does not correct a wrong read back
37
What are professional standards
``` Good punctuality Rigour Adherence to rules Positive team work attitude Encouraging positive safety culture ```
38
What is blooms revised cognitive taxonomy
Lower order thinking to higher order thinking ``` Remember Understand Apply Analyse Evaluate Create ```
39
What is mental fatigue
Results from emotional stress even with normal physics rest
40
Level of detail used to classify varies
General | Specific
41
What are the 2 stages of communication
Transmit | Receive
42
What can boredom be increased by
``` Passivity Requirement to maintain alertness Fewer ops to demonstrate skills Less human interaction Reduced challenge of job ```
43
What is holist strategy
Wider picture in mind Anecdotes Can accept random info Happy with intermediate uncertainty
44
What is learning
A change in behaviour Relatively permanent Brought about by an experience
45
What are some barriers to verbal communication
``` Word choice Distortion/load Workload Expectancy Noise and masking Interruption Intonation Speed Tone ```
46
What are the 2 phases of the communication loop
Transmit (read back) | Receive (hear back)
47
What is the difference between hearing and listening
Listening involves selecting, attending, understanding and remembering the info
48
What type of process is hearing
Passive
49
What type of process is listening
Active
50
What are the 2 types of process?
Passive | Active
51
What is fatigue
A condition reflecting inadequate rest
52
What are the 3 types of fatigue
Acute Chronic Mental
53
What are mistakes
Action performed as intended but plan faulty
54
What are lapses
Controller has failed to do something
55
What are possible causes of lapse
Distraction | Lack of attention.
56
What is ergonomics
Study of man in relation to working environment Adaption of machines and general conditions to fit needs so human can work to max efficiency
57
What are active errors
Proximal cause of an accident Without the distraction accident would have been prevented
58
What are slips
Intention correct but not carried out as planned Likely to be one off errors
59
How do you distinguish between rule and skill based behaviours
The attention and level of training of each individual
60
What are the 5 difference and commonalities
``` Attitude Culture Verbal Physical Mental ```
61
How do you recognise team dynamics
``` Personality style Team roles Building layout Tools and technology Organisational culture Process/methodology/procedures ```
62
What is a violation
A deliberate action known to be against the rules ATCO purposefully chose to disregard procedures
63
What are team dynamics
Unseen forces that operate in a team Strongly influence how a team reacts behaves or performs
64
What is liveware
A person The most critical as well as the most flexible component of the system
65
What are the 4 main concepts in Reasons model of latent condition
Active error Latent error Window of opportunity Causation chain
66
What are the 3 types of team members
Doers Thinkers Carers
67
What are the essential features of a team
Variety of different styles Committee members -consensus Clear challenging objectives which everyone understands and wants to achieve
68
What can fatigue be caused by
Boredom Both high and low information processing
69
What are the 4 different types of stress
Fatigue and overwork Environment Internal Survival
70
Hear back read back error solutions
Speak crisply and clearly No ambiguous transmissions Avoid long clearances with confusing numbers Avoid frequency congestion Observe standard phraseology Actively listen to read backs
71
What are some reasons for automation
Stops idleness Routine unskilled task performed consistently Does not require indefinite monitoring Does not care about opinions or respect
72
What is hardware
The machine that’s used Not the software on the machines
73
How can liveware hardware deficiencies be rectified
Design and procedure
74
What is the communication loop
ATC clearance transmitted Pilot listens and reads back (transmit) Controller listens (hear back) Controller acknowledges or corrects (transmit) Pilot listens (hear back)
75
What are the objectives of workplace design
``` Achieve high standards Promote safety policies Permit staff flexibility Fulfil ancillary functions Meet liaison coordination comms Provide info Reflect task structure Ergonomic recommendation Prevent foreseeable errors Pleasant and harmonious Intelligible presentation No adverse affects Foster interest and job satisfaction ```

Human Factors (1 decks)

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