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Human Female Sexual Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

(72 cards)

1
Q

What is the upper region above the clitoris called?

A

mons veneris (pubis)

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2
Q

What are the outer lips called located on either side of the vaginal opening?

A

labia majora (outer lips)

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3
Q

What are the inner lips called located on either side of the vaginal opening, right beside the outer lips?

A

labia minora (inner lips)

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4
Q

At birth, the vagina opening is covered by a(n) ____.

A

hymen

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5
Q

Which glands are located directed under the vaginal opening and helps with lubrication?

A

Bartholin’s glands

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6
Q

What is the smooth region of skin called that stretches from the vagina to the anus?

A

perineum

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7
Q

What part of the vagina is composed of a small patch of erectile tissue and is a major point of stimulation?

A

clitoris

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8
Q

How can you describe the vagina in terms of it’s ability to secrete substances very easily?

A

vascularized

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9
Q

Some secretions from the vagina will ____ through the walls of the vagina.

A

sweat

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10
Q

Which kind of bacteria produce acid secretions in the vagina?

A

lactophilic bacteria (pH 4.5)

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11
Q

What do acid secretions in the vagina help with?

A

it helps kill bacteria

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12
Q

What can lead to a higher chance of contracting bacterial vaginosis?

A
  • high sugar diet
  • excessive douching
  • antibiotics
  • oral contraceptives
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13
Q

What is the part called where the vagina and the uterus meet?

A

cervix

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus called?

A

1) perimetrium (outer)
2) myometrium (middle)
3) endometrium (inner)

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15
Q

What is the middle layer of the uterus composed of?

A

muscle

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16
Q

Why does the inner lining of the uterus change thinkness periodically?

A

because the inner lining of the uterus sheds at the end of menstration, beginning a new menstral cycle

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17
Q

What is the condition called where endometrium grows in other parts of the body, typically the abdomen, and causes pain?

A

endometriosis

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18
Q

What percentage of premenopausal women have endometriosis at some point in their lifetime?

A

15%

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19
Q

What hormone do women with endometriosis typically have a greater amount of in their body?

A

estrogen

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20
Q

What is the technical term for fallopian tubes?

A

oviducts

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21
Q

An ____ is moved into the oviduct during menstruation and is pushed along by the ____.

A

ovum; fimbrae

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22
Q

What structure lines the oviducts and, coupled with muscle movements, moves the ovum down the fallopian tubes?

A

cilia

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23
Q

In which region of the fallopian tubes does fertilization occur the most?

A

the upper third (near the ovaries)

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24
Q

What is the name of the cellular sac which surrounds each egg in the ovaries?

A

follicle

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25
At birth, roughly how many eggs does a woman have in their body?
2 million
26
At sexual maturity, how many eggs does a women have in her body? How many of these are viable?
300,000; 400
27
Which structure in the ovaries first houses the oocyte and also releases estrogen?
primary follicle
28
Which structure in the ovaries houses the secondary oocyte and produces estrogen and progesterone?
secondary follicle
29
In what locations is estrogen found in a women's body (preganant and non-pregnant)?
ovaries and placenta
30
When do the ovaries of a women begin producing estrogen?
when she begins puberty
31
The addition of estrogen to the body during puberty changes what factors for the body?
* growth in breasts * increased blood supply * fat deposits in legs and arms * promotes vascularization
32
What can be used in the replacement of estrogen in women who have gone through menopause, and this helps to prevent oseteoporosis?
Estrogen replacement therapies (ERTs)
33
What is the site for hormone production in the ovaries?
corpus luteum
34
What is the hormone that is only present in pregnant women?
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
35
hGC is a ____ hormone, therefore it can be picked up in the urine.
protein
36
What does hCG help maintain when it is secreted? What does it stop?
it helps maintain the corpus luteum; periods
37
In women, which hormone is responsible for sex drive, and influence hair and muscle development?
adrenal androgens
38
In women, where are androgens produced?
adrenal cortex
39
Which kind of hormone are adrenal androgens?
reductase hormone
40
What is inhibin?
It is secreted by the corpus luteum and prevents another mentral cycle from taking place.
41
What is relaxin?
It is produced by the placenta and relaxes the pubic symphysis.
42
Which hormone controls the size of the placenta?
human placental lactogen (hPL)
43
hPL is a very important hormone because it is ____ (promotes fat breakdown) and it will antagonize the effects of ____.
lypo-lytic; insulin
44
How does hPL regulate glucose levels in a pregnant woman?
it increases glucose levels for the fetus and depleats glucose levels in the mother
45
Where is GnRH produced and where is it sent?
produced in the **hypothalamus** sent to the **anterior pituitary**
46
What is GnRH transformed in to in the anterior pituitary?
FSH and LH
47
What is an egg that has reached maturity called?
graffian follicle
48
How often does ovulation occur?
every three weeks
49
What happens leading up to ovulation?
* LH levels rise * ovarian membrane ruptures * estrogen levels drop * progesterone is secreted from corpus luteum
50
Which kind of feeback inhibits the release of GnRH during ovulation?
negative feeback
51
Unless the ovum is fertilized, it will ____.
degenerate
52
How long does a normal cycle last?
28 days
53
What happens during menstration?
the uterine lining sheds, preparing for another egg to be released
54
What is considered an irregular cycle?
Any cycle lasting longer than 35 days or shorter than 28 days
55
What is the first menstral cycle a young girls through called?
menarche
56
What is the last period a woman has called?
menopause
57
What is the result of menopause?
* estrogen levels decrease * ovaries begin to degerate * thin skin * risk of osteoporosis
58
What are these the symptoms of?: Headache, abdominal bloating, emotions, anxiety, hostility, paranoia, depression, mood swings, irritability, increased alcohol consumption, binge eating, and crying spells.
pre-menstral syndrome (PMS)
59
What is the syndrome where women experince painful cramping during their period (only due to menstration)?
dysmenorrhea
60
What gland is endometriosis and dysmenorrhea linked to?
prostate gland
61
Women who work out a lot or train very hard can develop ____. This causes emotional stress and eating disorders.
ammenorrhea
62
What glands are affected by ammenorrhea?
thyroid and adrenal glands
63
What is the nipple on breasts surrounded by?
the areola
64
What are the small bumps on the areola called? What do they secrete?
sebacious glands; oils that help with lubrication during breastfeeding
65
How many mammary glands does each breast typically have?
15-25 mammary glands
66
What are the mammary glands separated by?
fatty tissues
67
What hormone(s) stimulate fat deposits to increase in the breasts during puberty?
estrogen and progesterone
68
What hormone(s) and organs stimulate the breasts to grow during pregnancy?
the placenta and prolactin (pituitary gland)
69
Lactation is stimulated by ____. What inhibits this hormone from inducing lactation during pregnancy?
prolactin; estrogen and progesterone
70
For the first 2-3 days following birth, the mammary glands produce ____.
colostrum
71
What hormone helps stimulate the letdown of milk after simulation from suckling of the nipple?
oxytocin
72
Menstration is halted for a few months during breastfeeding, when will menstration begin again?
when prolactin levels begin to drop