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Biology of Reproduction > Human Female Sexual Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Human Female Sexual Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper region above the clitoris called?

A

mons veneris (pubis)

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2
Q

What are the outer lips called located on either side of the vaginal opening?

A

labia majora (outer lips)

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3
Q

What are the inner lips called located on either side of the vaginal opening, right beside the outer lips?

A

labia minora (inner lips)

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4
Q

At birth, the vagina opening is covered by a(n) ____.

A

hymen

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5
Q

Which glands are located directed under the vaginal opening and helps with lubrication?

A

Bartholin’s glands

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6
Q

What is the smooth region of skin called that stretches from the vagina to the anus?

A

perineum

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7
Q

What part of the vagina is composed of a small patch of erectile tissue and is a major point of stimulation?

A

clitoris

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8
Q

How can you describe the vagina in terms of it’s ability to secrete substances very easily?

A

vascularized

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9
Q

Some secretions from the vagina will ____ through the walls of the vagina.

A

sweat

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10
Q

Which kind of bacteria produce acid secretions in the vagina?

A

lactophilic bacteria (pH 4.5)

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11
Q

What do acid secretions in the vagina help with?

A

it helps kill bacteria

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12
Q

What can lead to a higher chance of contracting bacterial vaginosis?

A
  • high sugar diet
  • excessive douching
  • antibiotics
  • oral contraceptives
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13
Q

What is the part called where the vagina and the uterus meet?

A

cervix

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus called?

A

1) perimetrium (outer)
2) myometrium (middle)
3) endometrium (inner)

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15
Q

What is the middle layer of the uterus composed of?

A

muscle

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16
Q

Why does the inner lining of the uterus change thinkness periodically?

A

because the inner lining of the uterus sheds at the end of menstration, beginning a new menstral cycle

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17
Q

What is the condition called where endometrium grows in other parts of the body, typically the abdomen, and causes pain?

A

endometriosis

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18
Q

What percentage of premenopausal women have endometriosis at some point in their lifetime?

A

15%

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19
Q

What hormone do women with endometriosis typically have a greater amount of in their body?

A

estrogen

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20
Q

What is the technical term for fallopian tubes?

A

oviducts

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21
Q

An ____ is moved into the oviduct during menstruation and is pushed along by the ____.

A

ovum; fimbrae

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22
Q

What structure lines the oviducts and, coupled with muscle movements, moves the ovum down the fallopian tubes?

A

cilia

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23
Q

In which region of the fallopian tubes does fertilization occur the most?

A

the upper third (near the ovaries)

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24
Q

What is the name of the cellular sac which surrounds each egg in the ovaries?

A

follicle

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25
Q

At birth, roughly how many eggs does a woman have in their body?

A

2 million

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26
Q

At sexual maturity, how many eggs does a women have in her body? How many of these are viable?

A

300,000; 400

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27
Q

Which structure in the ovaries first houses the oocyte and also releases estrogen?

A

primary follicle

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28
Q

Which structure in the ovaries houses the secondary oocyte and produces estrogen and progesterone?

A

secondary follicle

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29
Q

In what locations is estrogen found in a women’s body (preganant and non-pregnant)?

A

ovaries and placenta

30
Q

When do the ovaries of a women begin producing estrogen?

A

when she begins puberty

31
Q

The addition of estrogen to the body during puberty changes what factors for the body?

A
  • growth in breasts
  • increased blood supply
  • fat deposits in legs and arms
  • promotes vascularization
32
Q

What can be used in the replacement of estrogen in women who have gone through menopause, and this helps to prevent oseteoporosis?

A

Estrogen replacement therapies (ERTs)

33
Q

What is the site for hormone production in the ovaries?

A

corpus luteum

34
Q

What is the hormone that is only present in pregnant women?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

35
Q

hGC is a ____ hormone, therefore it can be picked up in the urine.

A

protein

36
Q

What does hCG help maintain when it is secreted? What does it stop?

A

it helps maintain the corpus luteum; periods

37
Q

In women, which hormone is responsible for sex drive, and influence hair and muscle development?

A

adrenal androgens

38
Q

In women, where are androgens produced?

A

adrenal cortex

39
Q

Which kind of hormone are adrenal androgens?

A

reductase hormone

40
Q

What is inhibin?

A

It is secreted by the corpus luteum and prevents another mentral cycle from taking place.

41
Q

What is relaxin?

A

It is produced by the placenta and relaxes the pubic symphysis.

42
Q

Which hormone controls the size of the placenta?

A

human placental lactogen (hPL)

43
Q

hPL is a very important hormone because it is ____ (promotes fat breakdown) and it will antagonize the effects of ____.

A

lypo-lytic; insulin

44
Q

How does hPL regulate glucose levels in a pregnant woman?

A

it increases glucose levels for the fetus and depleats glucose levels in the mother

45
Q

Where is GnRH produced and where is it sent?

A

produced in the hypothalamus
sent to the anterior pituitary

46
Q

What is GnRH transformed in to in the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH and LH

47
Q

What is an egg that has reached maturity called?

A

graffian follicle

48
Q

How often does ovulation occur?

A

every three weeks

49
Q

What happens leading up to ovulation?

A
  • LH levels rise
  • ovarian membrane ruptures
  • estrogen levels drop
  • progesterone is secreted from corpus luteum
50
Q

Which kind of feeback inhibits the release of GnRH during ovulation?

A

negative feeback

51
Q

Unless the ovum is fertilized, it will ____.

A

degenerate

52
Q

How long does a normal cycle last?

A

28 days

53
Q

What happens during menstration?

A

the uterine lining sheds, preparing for another egg to be released

54
Q

What is considered an irregular cycle?

A

Any cycle lasting longer than 35 days or shorter than 28 days

55
Q

What is the first menstral cycle a young girls through called?

A

menarche

56
Q

What is the last period a woman has called?

A

menopause

57
Q

What is the result of menopause?

A
  • estrogen levels decrease
  • ovaries begin to degerate
  • thin skin
  • risk of osteoporosis
58
Q

What are these the symptoms of?:
Headache, abdominal bloating, emotions, anxiety, hostility, paranoia, depression, mood swings, irritability, increased alcohol consumption, binge eating, and crying spells.

A

pre-menstral syndrome (PMS)

59
Q

What is the syndrome where women experince painful cramping during their period (only due to menstration)?

A

dysmenorrhea

60
Q

What gland is endometriosis and dysmenorrhea linked to?

A

prostate gland

61
Q

Women who work out a lot or train very hard can develop ____. This causes emotional stress and eating disorders.

A

ammenorrhea

62
Q

What glands are affected by ammenorrhea?

A

thyroid and adrenal glands

63
Q

What is the nipple on breasts surrounded by?

A

the areola

64
Q

What are the small bumps on the areola called? What do they secrete?

A

sebacious glands; oils that help with lubrication during breastfeeding

65
Q

How many mammary glands does each breast typically have?

A

15-25 mammary glands

66
Q

What are the mammary glands separated by?

A

fatty tissues

67
Q

What hormone(s) stimulate fat deposits to increase in the breasts during puberty?

A

estrogen and progesterone

68
Q

What hormone(s) and organs stimulate the breasts to grow during pregnancy?

A

the placenta and prolactin (pituitary gland)

69
Q

Lactation is stimulated by ____. What inhibits this hormone from inducing lactation during pregnancy?

A

prolactin; estrogen and progesterone

70
Q

For the first 2-3 days following birth, the mammary glands produce ____.

A

colostrum

71
Q

What hormone helps stimulate the letdown of milk after simulation from suckling of the nipple?

A

oxytocin

72
Q

Menstration is halted for a few months during breastfeeding, when will menstration begin again?

A

when prolactin levels begin to drop

Biology of Reproduction (9 decks)

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