Human Freedom Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Individual power to exercise the will
A
Freedom
2
Q
Negative Freedom
A
Absence of external forces
3
Q
Freedom From
A
Negative Freedom
4
Q
State of nature
A
Natural state of human beings
5
Q
A
6
Q
Leviathan author
A
Thomas Hobbes
6
Q
Humans are greedy and selfish by nature
A
Thomas Hobbes
6
Q
We are naturally motivated by self-interest over anything
A
Thomas Hobbes
6
Q
Without restrictions, there will be total disorder (evil)
A
Thomas Hobbes
7
Q
Leviathan
A
government
7
Q
What did Hobbes believe about the government?
A
created to protect people from their own selfish and evil nature; should have total power
7
Q
Every man is against every man
A
Thomas Hobbes
7
Q
Father of Liberalism
A
John Locke
8
Q
True freedom according to Hobbes
A
surrendering our natural rights to a sovereign authority (Leviathan)
9
Q
A
9
Q
A
10
Q
A
11
Q
A
11
Q
A
12
Q
Believed that human persons are born with inalienable but violable rights
A
John Locke
13
Q
All men and women are created equal by God
A
John Locke
14
Q
God bestowed us inviolable rights
A
John Locke
15
Q
Fundamental rights according to John Locke
A
Life, Liberty, Property
16
Q
What did John Locke believe about the government?
A
One must submit one’s will for the common good; legitimate government with limited power over citizens
17
Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill
18
On Liberty (1859)
John Stuart Mill
18
Greatest good for the greatest number of people
John Stuart Mill
19
We are free to pursue our own happiness so long as we don't harm/deprive other people of their happiness
John Stuart Mill
20
Believed that government should maintain balance while maximizing freedom and welfare
John Stuart Mill
21
Too much individual freedom leads to?
anarchy
22
Too much government freedom leads to?
depotism/tyranny
23
People who agrees that there should be restrictions on freedom
(given negative freedom ideology)
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
John Stuart Mill
24
Positive Freedom
Self-rule (being your own master)
25
Freedom To
Positive Freedom
26
Self-govern and self-determine which course of action is necessary and important for the person
Positive Freedom
27
Self-mastery is achieved from abstaining of the desires of the flesh
Buddhism
28
What happens when our actions are based on the desire?
we create unrealistic expectations
29
What does buddhism believe about human life?
suffering
30
Samsara
cycle of birth, life and death
31
Nirvana
enlightenment/liberation
32
How does one achieve Nirvana?
detach ourselves from the desires of the flesh
33
Moral Autonomy
Immanuel Kant
34
Moral Autonomy meaning
we are responsible for our actions since we are able to choose from right and wrong
35
Freedom according to Immanuel Kant
acting in accordance to the Categorical Imperative
36
Categorical Imperative
commands or moral laws all persons must follow
37
Freedom according to Immanuel Kant
controlling our inclinations; expression of my own choice through rational matter
38
Goodwill according to Immanuel Kant
rational will of the individual
39
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Social Contract
40
Social Contract
Agreement among people to surrender to the whole community (general will), making the whole community sovereign
41
Freedom according to Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Freedom means participation in the Social contract
42
"Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains"
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
43
Focused on the relationship between Freedom and Society
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
44
Freedom is enviable, however, problems arise from irresponsibility and thoughtless decisions; leading to manipulation
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
45
Solution of Jean-Jacques Rousseau to the flawed human nature
Develop a social covenant that would regulate or limit vicious human tendencies
46
Freedom as Self-Realization
Erich Fromm and Rudolf Steiner
47
Author of Escape from Freedom
Erich Fromm
48
Freedom according to Erich Fromm
Freedom means self-realization
49
Self-realization is accomplished by realizing that man's total personality, by active expression of his emotional and intellectual potentials
Erich Fromm
50
Freedom is an inner and spiritual activity of the mind
Rudolf Steiner
51
Holistic perspective of Freedom according to Rudolf Steiner
freedom is an inner and spiritual activity of the mind
52
Existentialist notion of Freedom
Freedom as Responsibility
53
Existentialism
the human person is not born with an essence
54
Life has no determinate/inherent meaning
Existentialism
55
The choices we make determine the kind of life we create
Existentialism
56
Life is dependent upon how an individual gives meaning to it
Existentialism
57
Existence Precedes Essence
Jean-Paul Sartre
58
We are all doomed to be free
Jean-Paul Sartre
59
Existential Anguish
anxiety and feeling of being lost due to the burden of responsibility
60
Bad Faith
inauthenticity
61
Rejection of the world's meaninglessness and in denial of one's freedom
Bad Faith
62
Authenticity
conscious choices and mindful actions without total disregard of the other
63
Essentialism
we are born with an essence
64
What happens when you remove something's essence?
it becomes useless
65
all actions/events that occur are influenced or conditioned by prior causes or reason
Determinism
66
Compatibalism
Soft-Determinism
67
even though external factors are present, humans still have a degree of free will
Soft-Determinism
68
Incompatibalism
Hard-Determinism
69
since all events are already determined and inevitable, free will is an illusion
Hard-Determinism
70
Libertarianism
Our actions are freely chosen.
71
Leicippus and Democritus
Atomism
72
Pierre-Simon Laplace
Demon thought experiment
73
Six types of freedom
1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Moral
4. Social
5. Political
6. Existential
74
Moral Agency
capacity to create moral decisions and be morally responsible based on your own morality
75
Moral Virtue
a set of good characteristics that allows one to act morally
