human gas exchange Flashcards
(27 cards)
define respiration
oxidation of glucose resulting in ATP production - chemical process
where does respiration occur
all living cells
define breathing/ventilation
process of moving air/water into and out of lungs/gills
define gas exchange
transfers of gases between environmental medium + cells of an organism
describe the bronchioles and what they are made of
no cartilage
held open by smooth muscle
describe bronchi and what they are made of
cartilage forms circular rings
2 describe features of bronchioles that are adapted to its function
thin layer of epithelial cells makes gas exchange possible
elastic tissue allows tissue to stretch and recoil for more air
describe the function of bronchi and how it is adapted to do this
to prevent dirt and pathogens entering lungs
mucus traps dirt particles
cilia moves dirt towards throat where it can be swallowed and destroyed in stomach acid
describe the structure of the trachea and what its made of
c shaped cartilage
walls made of muscle
describe the structure of ciliated epithelial cells
covered in hair-like structures called cilia
describe the function of the trachea and how its adapted to that function
airway - transport air to and from alveoli
flexible - prevents trachea collapsing
has goblet and ciliated epithelial cells
describe how ciliated epithelial cells work
hair like structures move mucus unidirectionally up trachea into throat where dirt can be swallowed
describe how goblet cells work
secrete mucus to trap particles, dirt and bacteria
define what an epithelial cell is (not just in bronchioles and trachea)
line cavities and surface of organs - often used for gas exchange
what is the name of the epithelial cells used on alveoli and capillaries
and what adaptations do they have
squamous epithelial cells
very thin
what is it called and what is it when squamous epithelial cells wear away as you get older
they burst
emphysema
what is the pleural cavity
what are its adaptations
separates thorax from lungs
airtight seal created
what is pleural fluid and what does it do
lubricant on outside of lungs
prevents lungs from sticking to the rest of the chest
describe the function of the ribs
protect + support lungs
how are lungs moved
by intercostal muscles between them contracting and relaxing
describe intercostal muscles and how they work
muscles in between ribs
help control movement of air
control movement of ribs
describe the relationship between external and internal intercostal muscle pairs
antagonistic pair
when one contracts the other relaxes
describe diaphragm and its role
dome shaped muscle separating contents of thorax from abdomen
controls movement of air in and out of lungs for ventilation
4 describe the adaptations of the lungs
many alveoli
thin alveoli epithelium
capillaries over surface of alveoli
diaphragm + lungs + intercostal muscles
