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arabic > Human GEO Final Review > Flashcards

Human GEO Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

hearth areas of agriculture

A

areas from where the origins of agricultural ideas of innovation ideas began and spread
e.g. seed agriculture and different kinds of foods

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2
Q

examples of hearth areas

A
  • US & Canada: Corn and wheat
  • South America: Corn
  • Eastern Europe/ Russia: Wheat
  • Africa: Sorghum of Millet
    Asia: Rice
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3
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

agriculture only for farmers to meet the needs of themselves and their families

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4
Q

commercial agriculture

A

producing crops and livestock for sale and profit

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5
Q

food security

A

accessibility, affordability, safety, and availability of nutritious food at all times

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6
Q

hunting and gathering

A

self-explanatory

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7
Q

intensive subsistence agriculture

A

more work is needed to obtain the same level of production
ex. paddy and wet rice dominant

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8
Q

organic agriculture

A

farmers rely on natural methods to encourage plant health
e.g. avoidance of fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs

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9
Q

pastoralism

A

individuals rely on livestock as a primary means of subsistence
e.g. herding of domestic animals

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10
Q

pastoral nomadism

A

moving animals on a seasonal basis to areas that have the necessary resources to meet the needs of the herd
* Central Asia, Sahel region of North and West Africa
* causes soil erosion & water degradation

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11
Q

plantation agriculture

A

production of one crop

  • prevalent in LDCs, produced “banana republics” and cash crops

results in dependency: interactions between core countries which rely on peripheral countries for their raw materials

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12
Q

ranching

A

allows animals to roam freely on the fringes of productive land; unsupervised by farmer
* requires huge areas of land

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13
Q

sustainable agriculture

A

balances agriculture with environmental conservation and sustainability for current and future generations

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14
Q

Swidden/slash and burn/shifting cultivation

A

trees and undergrowth are cut down and vegetation is burned

Swidden: land on which shifting occurs

advantages: ash provides nutrients for the soil; good for small groups as the land has enough time to recover

disadvantages: lots of land need, environmental degradation is likely to occur
* people have to move regularly

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15
Q

transhumance

A

the seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
* follows pre-established routes

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16
Q

VonThunen model of agricultural use

A

humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market

market gardening – dairy farming – forests – grains and field crops – ranching and livestock

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17
Q

break-of-bulk point

A

a location of transportation where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another
e.g. a ship to a truck or train

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18
Q

bulk-reducing industry

A

an industry in which the final product weighs less or has less volumes than its inputs
e.g. paper industry

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19
Q

bulk-gaining industry

A

an industry in which the final product has a greater volume than its inputs
e.g. soda industry, brick/cement making

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20
Q

market-oriented industry

A

prioritized identifying the needs of consumers and creating products to satisfy them
e.g. Coca Cola, amazon

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21
Q

deindustrialization

A

decline in manufacturing capacity and employment
* usually occurs in developed economies (NA, Europe, Japan)
* disadvantages: dissolution of industrial cities, unemployment, closing of plants, decline in income

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22
Q

economies of scale

A

the reduction in cost per unit of production as the volume of production increases

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23
Q

globalization

A

the increasing interdependence and interconnectedness of economic, political, and cultural characteristics throughout the world

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24
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

18th century Europe – huge technological transformation (railroad, telegraph, and manufacturing)

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25
Q

Industrialization

A

process by which economic activities on earth’s surface evolved from producing basic, primary goods to using factories for mass-producing goods for consumption.

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26
Q

Fordism and assembly line production

A

simplification, workers only have to learn one skill –> mass production, mass consumption, and higher wages for workers

e.g. scientific management: managers controlled the pace of the production line

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27
Q

primary sector

A
  • agriculture
  • gathering and extractive industries
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28
Q

secondary sector

A
  • manufacturing and processing
  • power generation
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29
Q

tertiary sector

A
  • retail and wholesale
  • personal services
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30
Q

quaternary sector

A
  • information and research
  • management and decision making
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31
Q

quinary

A

nursing homes, polices/fire services, childcare

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32
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

complete output by a nation; higher GDP = more developed, lower poverty

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33
Q

Gross National income (GNI)

A

total income earned by a countries people and businesses (national wealth)
* adds in income received from investments from outside the country

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34
Q

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) (GNI per capita)

A

exchange rate; amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same good in another country

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35
Q

Modernization Theory: Roster’s stages of economic growth

A
  • modernization model: singapore
  • development through industrialization and international trade
  • suggests all countries follow a similar path through economic development:
    traditional, preconditions to takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, high mass consumption
36
Q

dependency theory

A

poor countries rely on rich countries, as rich countries destabilize the weak countries causing them to be in need
* alternative to modernization model
* based off colonial interactions
* sustain the prosperity of the dominant regions and poverty of the lesser regions

37
Q

Wallerstein’s world systems theory

A

rich core capitalist societies succeed by exploiting poorer peripheral ones

38
Q

core countries

A
  • high level of socioeconomic prosperity
  • dominant players in global economic game – have banking, high value manufacturing, high wages, high investment, and good welfare services
39
Q

semi-periphery countries

A
  • a mix of productive activities – some like core, other like the periphery
  • regions that exert more power than periphery regions
  • exploited by core. In turn, exploits the periphery
40
Q

periphery countries

A
  • poor regions, supply low value raw materials to the core, lac technical know-how
  • do not have much control over their own affairs – non-democratic governments, low wages
41
Q

Human Development Index

A
  • created by the UN
  • measures economic (GNI), social (expected years of education), and demographic factors (life expectancy)
  • communities with a high HDI often have stable governments and good education
  • Europe – highest score
  • South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa – lowest score
42
Q

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A
  • reproductive health
  • empowerment
  • economic status
  • insight into gender disparities in health, empowerment, and the labour market
  • higher values in GII indicate worse achievements
43
Q

micro loans/ microfinancing

A

provision of small loans to individuals and businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans form commercial bank

44
Q

transnational corporations

A

international; controls assets in other economies, and operates in multiple countries

45
Q

outsourcing

A

the act of getting alternative goods and services from other cheaper locations rather than locally

46
Q

offshoring

A

transfer of a production function to another country

47
Q

special economic zones

A

an area in a country that is subject to different economic regulations/trade laws than other regions in the same country
* tend to attract foreign direct investment
* Japan and Korea

48
Q

Free Trade Zones

A

area where goods are handled without the intervention of authorities
* where goods from foreign countries can be imported without tariffs

49
Q

export processing zones

A

industrial estates for manufacturing goods for exports
* often found in developing countries
* government creates specialized policies and desirable investment

50
Q

Maquiladoras

A

factories in Mexico which are largely duty and tariff-free
* an export processing zone

51
Q

sustainability

A

the use of earth’s renewable and nonrenewable resources in ways that assure resource availability in the future
e.g. Cost Rica, Galapagos Island (Ecuador)

52
Q

Ecotourism

A

a type of tourism that focuses on experiencing natural areas while minimizing the negative impact on the environment
* economic benefits for the local people and host communities

53
Q

Site

A

physical characteristics, terrain
e.g. Manhattan is NYC located on an island

54
Q

Situation

A

relative location, and how it is related to other places, surroundings
e.g. Manhattan is bounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem rivers

55
Q

Central Business District (CBD)

A

often referred to as downtown, where business occurs

56
Q

edge city

A

cities growing at the edge of major suburban freeway changes
* office towers, huge retail complexes, located close to major highways

57
Q

gentrification

A

the process of middle and upper-class individuals moving into traditionally lower and working-class areas in a city, displacing original residents as greater investment occurs and rents and land prices begin to rise.

58
Q

gentrification pros

A
  • reduction in crime
  • increased CPP at local businesses
  • increased property values/rehabilitation of property
  • increased diversity and social mix
59
Q

gentrification cons

A
  • increased costs for local services
  • displacement through rent and price increases
  • homelessness (loss of affordable housing)
  • shift in neighborhood character – cultural displacement
60
Q

hearth areas of settlements

A

where settles agriculture first took place
e.g. Mesopotamia, ancient cities of the Fertile Crescent, Indus Valley, Rome)

61
Q

informal sector activities in the city

A

not offered by the government, does not offer the same benefits
e.g. dependent subcontract workers, unpaid workers in a family business, street vendors

62
Q

formal sector activities in the city

A

government, banking, education, healthcare

63
Q

megacity

A

a city with over 10 million people

64
Q

Megalopolis

A

a vast, continuous metropolitan area over 300 miles stretching from the South to the North

e.g. Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, NY, and Boston

65
Q

Primacy

A

the state of being first in importance

66
Q

primate city

A

huge city; captures a large portion of a countries population as well as its economic and cultural activities
* often the capital cities of countries
* population is at least twice the population of the next biggest city

67
Q

rank-size rule

A

pattern of settlement generally adhered to in which the nth largest settlement in a country is 1/n the size of the largest city

68
Q

urban sprawl

A

the spread of residences, office buildings, commercial centers, shopping malls, etc, in undeveloped areas near densely populated areas

69
Q

suburbanization

A

the growth of cities outside an urban area

high costs:
* energy
*commute/transportation/rush hour traffic
* loss of farmland and green space

70
Q

urban system

A

interconnected systems of buildings, microclimate, transportation, power and water supply, and humans

71
Q

urbanism

A

concentration of human habitation and center of society, culture, and business

72
Q

urbanization

A

the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population come to live in the city

73
Q

green belt, garden cities

A

area reserved for and maintained as farms, forests, and parks in order to restrict urban sprawl
* planned dispersal to keep cities sustainable

74
Q

sustainable cities

A

the ability of a city or urban area to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

  • green areas
  • solar/renewable energy
  • transportation
  • composting bins
  • phasing out plastics at supermarkets
  • conservative vehicles and light
75
Q

slums

A

a highly congested urban area marked by deteriorated unsanitary buildings, poverty, and social disorganization

a slum household lacks of any one of the 5 following elements:
1) access to improved water
2) access to improved sanitation
3) security of tenure
4) durability of housing
5) sufficient living area

largest slums in the world:
* somalia
* egypt
* pakistan
* kenya

health risks to slum dwellers:
* contaminated water
* inadequate disposal of human wastes
* wastewater and garbage
* insects, pests, and parasites in homes
* poor ventilation and overcrowding –> indoor air pollution

76
Q

squatter settlements

A

housing that occupies public or unoccupied land without right or legal title.
* found on marginal land parcels like railways setbacks or “undesirable” marshy land

77
Q

biofuels

A

produce energy from living matter (corn, sugar, cane, etc.)
* debate over whether they should be used for food or fuel

78
Q

eutrophication

A

process where water bodies become oxygen deficient – nutrients from agricultural runoff cause algae blooms – decay of algae consumes oxygen

  • creates dead zones (hypoxia) with death of oxygen prevalent
  • e.g. Baltic Sea
79
Q

fossil fuels

A

non-renewable energy sources (petroleum, coal, oil, and natural gas)
* fossil fuel burning created carbon dioxide and air pollution

80
Q

greenhouse effect

A

trapping of long wave radiation (heat) by greenhouse gasses in lower atmosphere – gasses absorb and reradiate long wave radiation
* linked to climate change

81
Q

landfill

A

solid waste is burned to reduce odors, pest proliferation, and hide unsightly trash

82
Q

sustainable cities

A

the ability of a city or urban area to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

83
Q

renewable energy sources

A

an infinite supply
* solar wind, hydroelectric, biofuels, and geothermal
* US is top geothermal country

84
Q

nonrenewable energy sources

A

a finite supply that is geographically concentrated
* proven reserves of fossil fuels – deposits that can be recovered with some uncertainty

  • Coal reserves: US, Russia, China, India, Australia
  • Oil reserves: Middle East (Saudi Arabia), Canada
  • Natural gas reserves: US, Russia, Iran
85
Q

political ecology

A

the relationship between political, economic, and social factors with environmental issues and changes

arabic (7 decks)

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