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Human GEO Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

hearth areas of agriculture

A

areas from where the origins of agricultural ideas of innovation ideas began and spread
e.g. seed agriculture and different kinds of foods

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2
Q

examples of hearth areas

A
  • US & Canada: Corn and wheat
  • South America: Corn
  • Eastern Europe/ Russia: Wheat
  • Africa: Sorghum of Millet
    Asia: Rice
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3
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

agriculture only for farmers to meet the needs of themselves and their families

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4
Q

commercial agriculture

A

producing crops and livestock for sale and profit

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5
Q

food security

A

accessibility, affordability, safety, and availability of nutritious food at all times

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6
Q

hunting and gathering

A

self-explanatory

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7
Q

intensive subsistence agriculture

A

more work is needed to obtain the same level of production
ex. paddy and wet rice dominant

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8
Q

organic agriculture

A

farmers rely on natural methods to encourage plant health
e.g. avoidance of fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs

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9
Q

pastoralism

A

individuals rely on livestock as a primary means of subsistence
e.g. herding of domestic animals

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10
Q

pastoral nomadism

A

moving animals on a seasonal basis to areas that have the necessary resources to meet the needs of the herd
* Central Asia, Sahel region of North and West Africa
* causes soil erosion & water degradation

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11
Q

plantation agriculture

A

production of one crop

  • prevalent in LDCs, produced “banana republics” and cash crops

results in dependency: interactions between core countries which rely on peripheral countries for their raw materials

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12
Q

ranching

A

allows animals to roam freely on the fringes of productive land; unsupervised by farmer
* requires huge areas of land

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13
Q

sustainable agriculture

A

balances agriculture with environmental conservation and sustainability for current and future generations

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14
Q

Swidden/slash and burn/shifting cultivation

A

trees and undergrowth are cut down and vegetation is burned

Swidden: land on which shifting occurs

advantages: ash provides nutrients for the soil; good for small groups as the land has enough time to recover

disadvantages: lots of land need, environmental degradation is likely to occur
* people have to move regularly

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15
Q

transhumance

A

the seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
* follows pre-established routes

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16
Q

VonThunen model of agricultural use

A

humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market

market gardening – dairy farming – forests – grains and field crops – ranching and livestock

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17
Q

break-of-bulk point

A

a location of transportation where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another
e.g. a ship to a truck or train

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18
Q

bulk-reducing industry

A

an industry in which the final product weighs less or has less volumes than its inputs
e.g. paper industry

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19
Q

bulk-gaining industry

A

an industry in which the final product has a greater volume than its inputs
e.g. soda industry, brick/cement making

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20
Q

market-oriented industry

A

prioritized identifying the needs of consumers and creating products to satisfy them
e.g. Coca Cola, amazon

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21
Q

deindustrialization

A

decline in manufacturing capacity and employment
* usually occurs in developed economies (NA, Europe, Japan)
* disadvantages: dissolution of industrial cities, unemployment, closing of plants, decline in income

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22
Q

economies of scale

A

the reduction in cost per unit of production as the volume of production increases

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23
Q

globalization

A

the increasing interdependence and interconnectedness of economic, political, and cultural characteristics throughout the world

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24
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

18th century Europe – huge technological transformation (railroad, telegraph, and manufacturing)

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25
Industrialization
process by which economic activities on earth's surface evolved from producing basic, primary goods to using factories for mass-producing goods for consumption.
26
Fordism and assembly line production
simplification, workers only have to learn one skill --> mass production, mass consumption, and higher wages for workers e.g. scientific management: managers controlled the pace of the production line
27
primary sector
* agriculture * gathering and extractive industries
28
secondary sector
* manufacturing and processing * power generation
29
tertiary sector
* retail and wholesale * personal services
30
quaternary sector
* information and research * management and decision making
31
quinary
nursing homes, polices/fire services, childcare
32
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
complete output by a nation; higher GDP = more developed, lower poverty
33
Gross National income (GNI)
total income earned by a countries people and businesses (national wealth) * adds in income received from investments from outside the country
34
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) (GNI per capita)
exchange rate; amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same good in another country
35
Modernization Theory: Roster's stages of economic growth
* modernization model: singapore * development through industrialization and international trade * suggests all countries follow a similar path through economic development: traditional, preconditions to takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, high mass consumption
36
dependency theory
poor countries rely on rich countries, as rich countries destabilize the weak countries causing them to be in need * alternative to modernization model * based off colonial interactions * sustain the prosperity of the dominant regions and poverty of the lesser regions
37
Wallerstein's world systems theory
rich core capitalist societies succeed by exploiting poorer peripheral ones
38
core countries
* high level of socioeconomic prosperity * dominant players in global economic game -- have banking, high value manufacturing, high wages, high investment, and good welfare services
39
semi-periphery countries
* a mix of productive activities -- some like core, other like the periphery * regions that exert more power than periphery regions * exploited by core. In turn, exploits the periphery
40
periphery countries
* poor regions, supply low value raw materials to the core, lac technical know-how * do not have much control over their own affairs -- non-democratic governments, low wages
41
Human Development Index
* created by the UN * measures economic (GNI), social (expected years of education), and demographic factors (life expectancy) * communities with a high HDI often have stable governments and good education * Europe -- highest score * South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa -- lowest score
42
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
* reproductive health * empowerment * economic status * insight into gender disparities in health, empowerment, and the labour market * higher values in GII indicate worse achievements
43
micro loans/ microfinancing
provision of small loans to individuals and businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans form commercial bank
44
transnational corporations
international; controls assets in other economies, and operates in multiple countries
45
outsourcing
the act of getting alternative goods and services from other cheaper locations rather than locally
46
offshoring
transfer of a production function to another country
47
special economic zones
an area in a country that is subject to different economic regulations/trade laws than other regions in the same country * tend to attract foreign direct investment * Japan and Korea
48
Free Trade Zones
area where goods are handled without the intervention of authorities * where goods from foreign countries can be imported without tariffs
49
export processing zones
industrial estates for manufacturing goods for exports * often found in developing countries * government creates specialized policies and desirable investment
50
Maquiladoras
factories in Mexico which are largely duty and tariff-free * an export processing zone
51
sustainability
the use of earth's renewable and nonrenewable resources in ways that assure resource availability in the future e.g. Cost Rica, Galapagos Island (Ecuador)
52
Ecotourism
a type of tourism that focuses on experiencing natural areas while minimizing the negative impact on the environment * economic benefits for the local people and host communities
53
Site
physical characteristics, terrain e.g. Manhattan is NYC located on an island
54
Situation
relative location, and how it is related to other places, surroundings e.g. Manhattan is bounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem rivers
55
Central Business District (CBD)
often referred to as downtown, where business occurs
56
edge city
cities growing at the edge of major suburban freeway changes * office towers, huge retail complexes, located close to major highways
57
gentrification
the process of middle and upper-class individuals moving into traditionally lower and working-class areas in a city, displacing original residents as greater investment occurs and rents and land prices begin to rise.
58
gentrification pros
* reduction in crime * increased CPP at local businesses * increased property values/rehabilitation of property * increased diversity and social mix
59
gentrification cons
* increased costs for local services * displacement through rent and price increases * homelessness (loss of affordable housing) * shift in neighborhood character -- cultural displacement
60
hearth areas of settlements
where settles agriculture first took place e.g. Mesopotamia, ancient cities of the Fertile Crescent, Indus Valley, Rome)
61
informal sector activities in the city
not offered by the government, does not offer the same benefits e.g. dependent subcontract workers, unpaid workers in a family business, street vendors
62
formal sector activities in the city
government, banking, education, healthcare
63
megacity
a city with over 10 million people
64
Megalopolis
a vast, continuous metropolitan area over 300 miles stretching from the South to the North e.g. Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, NY, and Boston
65
Primacy
the state of being first in importance
66
primate city
huge city; captures a large portion of a countries population as well as its economic and cultural activities * often the capital cities of countries * population is at least twice the population of the next biggest city
67
rank-size rule
pattern of settlement generally adhered to in which the nth largest settlement in a country is 1/n the size of the largest city
68
urban sprawl
the spread of residences, office buildings, commercial centers, shopping malls, etc, in undeveloped areas near densely populated areas
69
suburbanization
the growth of cities outside an urban area high costs: * energy *commute/transportation/rush hour traffic * loss of farmland and green space
70
urban system
interconnected systems of buildings, microclimate, transportation, power and water supply, and humans
71
urbanism
concentration of human habitation and center of society, culture, and business
72
urbanization
the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population come to live in the city
73
green belt, garden cities
area reserved for and maintained as farms, forests, and parks in order to restrict urban sprawl * planned dispersal to keep cities sustainable
74
sustainable cities
the ability of a city or urban area to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs * green areas * solar/renewable energy * transportation * composting bins * phasing out plastics at supermarkets * conservative vehicles and light
75
slums
a highly congested urban area marked by deteriorated unsanitary buildings, poverty, and social disorganization a slum household lacks of any one of the 5 following elements: 1) access to improved water 2) access to improved sanitation 3) security of tenure 4) durability of housing 5) sufficient living area largest slums in the world: * somalia * egypt * pakistan * kenya health risks to slum dwellers: * contaminated water * inadequate disposal of human wastes * wastewater and garbage * insects, pests, and parasites in homes * poor ventilation and overcrowding --> indoor air pollution
76
squatter settlements
housing that occupies public or unoccupied land without right or legal title. * found on marginal land parcels like railways setbacks or "undesirable" marshy land
77
biofuels
produce energy from living matter (corn, sugar, cane, etc.) * debate over whether they should be used for food or fuel
78
eutrophication
process where water bodies become oxygen deficient -- nutrients from agricultural runoff cause algae blooms -- decay of algae consumes oxygen * creates dead zones (hypoxia) with death of oxygen prevalent * e.g. Baltic Sea
79
fossil fuels
non-renewable energy sources (petroleum, coal, oil, and natural gas) * fossil fuel burning created carbon dioxide and air pollution
80
greenhouse effect
trapping of long wave radiation (heat) by greenhouse gasses in lower atmosphere -- gasses absorb and reradiate long wave radiation * linked to climate change
81
landfill
solid waste is burned to reduce odors, pest proliferation, and hide unsightly trash
82
sustainable cities
the ability of a city or urban area to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
83
renewable energy sources
an infinite supply * solar wind, hydroelectric, biofuels, and geothermal * US is top geothermal country
84
nonrenewable energy sources
a finite supply that is geographically concentrated * proven reserves of fossil fuels -- deposits that can be recovered with some uncertainty * Coal reserves: US, Russia, China, India, Australia * Oil reserves: Middle East (Saudi Arabia), Canada * Natural gas reserves: US, Russia, Iran
85
political ecology
the relationship between political, economic, and social factors with environmental issues and changes

Arabic (13 decks)

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