Human Geo Vocab Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
Absolute location
A
The actual space a place occupies
2
Q
cultural Landscape
A
the visible imprint of human activity on the physical environment, representing a combination of cultural, economic, and physical features
3
Q
Density
A
The number of an item within a unit of area
4
Q
distribution
A
the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients.
5
Q
Formal (uniform) Region
A
A region with a high level of consistency in a certain cultural or physical attribute
6
Q
Functional (nodal) Region
A
A region with a center hub, surrounding by interconnecting linkages
7
Q
Latitude
A
distance north and south of the equator
8
Q
longitude
A
distance east and west of thePrime Meridian
9
Q
meridian
A
an imaginary line that runs north to south, connecting the North and South Poles.
10
Q
mental map
A
mental image
11
Q
model
A
A simplified generalization of something in real life
12
Q
perceptual region
A
A region defined by feelings and prejudices that may or may not be true
13
Q
place
A
location
14
Q
projection
A
verisons of maps that try to minimize one attribute of the map but do so at the expense of the other attributes
15
Q
region
A
An area that displays a common trait such as culture, government, language, landform, etc.
16
Q
relative location
A
location of a place in relation to the location of other places
17
Q
remote senseing
A
detecting the nature of an area from a distance
18
Q
repersenative fraction
A
a map scale that expresses the relationship between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the Earth’s surface
19
Q
scale
A
The degree of generalization on a map
20
Q
site
A
the physical location of a place
21
Q
situation
A
location of a place based on its relation to other place
22
Q
space
A
the extent of area that is occupied by something
23
Q
spatial diffusion
A
The spread of something over time or space
24
Q
uniform region
A
an area characterized by common physical or cultural features throughout its boundaries (Formal Region)
25
General Purpose Map
Displays general features of an area
26
Thematic maps
displays a single type of information
27
Relocation Diffusion
Physical transfer of idea, trait, or artifact to new region
28
Expasion diffusion
Speard of idea, trait, or artifact usage to neighboring region
29
Hierarchical diffusion
Spread of ideas, etc., first to higher ups then spread down to the people
30
Contagious Diffusion
spreading evenly outward from diffusion origion or hearth
31
Stimulus Diffusion
The spread of a general concept throughout a population
32
ecumene
The part of the earth that is habitable
33
Human Captial theory of migration
people move to maximize their economic returns, viewing migration as an investment in their human capital, like education and skills, to improve their future earnings and career prospects
34
Intervening opportunity
a situation where a new, closer, and potentially more attractive opportunity arises along a migration route, diverting a person's original intended destination
35
replacement level
the number of births needed to sustain a stable population, meaning the population neither grows nor shrinks
36
step migration
a pattern where individuals move to a new location in a series of smaller steps, rather than directly to their final destination
37
zero population growth (ZPG)
a demographic state where a population neither grows nor declines
38
demography
study of characteristics of a human population
39
population Density
number of persons per unit of land area
40
Physiologic Density
number of persons per unit of agricultural land
41
Agricultural density
the number of farmers living in rural areas per unit of agricultural land
42
Crude density
The number of people per unit of land
43
Carrying Capacity
How many people area can support on a sustained basis
44
population distribution
the pattern of where humans live
45
Migration
the movement of humans from one place to another
46
Crude Birth rate
number of babies born per 1,000 people
47
Total Fertility rate
(TFR) number of babies per reproductive age woman
48
Crude death rate
refers to the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people.
49
Rate of natural increase
The crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
50
population mommentum
fertility rates are decreasing but the population is still increasing (Ex Asia and Latin America)
51
Doubling time
length of time to double the country's population
52
Demographic transition model
Model showing the link betweeen population growth and economic development
53
Dependent Ratio
The ratio of people under 15 and those 65 and older to those aged 15 to 65 (nonworking/working)
54
E.G Ravenstein's migration theories
Move only a short distance
usually settle in urban areas to move long distance
Move in steps
Move from rural to urban
Start a migration flow that moves in the opposite direction
Are adults
Males for international travelers
Female for internal travel
55
Place utility
The person's satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a place
56
Distance Decay
The principle that says migrants try to minimize the fraction of distance.
57
Step Migration
Series of small moves to reach destination
58
Counter or return migration
Generally, about 25% will return to the home area eventually
58
Chain Migration
Part of a migrant flow that follows former migrants to an area
59
Channelized Migration
Repetitive pattern of migration not linked to family or ethnicity (retirement moving)
60
Life Course Theory of Migration
The interation of life course events with migration has important repercussions on society
61
Culture trait
a single feature of a culture
62
Culture Complex
Group of individual cultural traits that are interconnected
63
Artifacts
Tangible things relating to culture
64
Mentifacts
Ex: language, religion, artistic pursuit, , folk stories, myths, etc.
65
Sociofacts
Ex: education, political institutions, religious organizations, and family structure, etc
66
Cultrual diffusion
Culture spreading from one region to another
67
Culture hearth
a place where innovations and new ideas originate and spread outward
68
Cultural barriers
Hinderences to cultural diffusion
69
Acculturation
The change within a culture when it adopts a practice from another culture
70
Transuculturation
Equal exchange of cultural traits
71
Syncretism
The birth of a new cultural trait from blending two or more cultural traits
72
Assimilation
Tottally integrated into the host culture
73
Globalization
increased interconnection of all regions in the world through politics, communication, transportation, marketing, manufacturing, and social and cultural processes.
74
Culture regions
a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics
75
Enviornmental determinism
Ellsworth Huntington's theory claims that the physical environment controls human behavior
76
Possibilism
The theory is that the physical environment merely establishes limits of what is possible on the human populations
77
Language family
Group of languages that are related and derived from a single earlier language (Protolanguage)
78
Protolanguage
A reconstruted ancestral language
79
Lingua Franca
a langauge that is informally agreed upon as the language of business and trade
80
Pidgin
No one's native language and contains a fairly even mixture of vocabulary from the languages of the people who created it. (Usually the result of trading between languages that aren't the same)
81
Cerole
A mixture of two languages that is the native language of a group of people
82
Universalizing religion
One in which anyone can become a member
83
Ethnic Religion
One that is a part of a particular ethnic or political group
84
Traditional or tribal religion
Ethnic religions that small, local cultural groups practice
85
Sequent occupance
The process by which a landscape is gradually modified by a succession of occupying groups
86
Animism
The belief that sporits live within objects such as animals, rivers, rocks, trees, and moutains
87
Secularism
The rejection of all religious beliefs
88
Shamanism
a form of tribal or traditional that reveres a particular person, the shaman, as one with special healing or magic powers.
89
Hinduism
Oldest religion
Arose in Indus river valley in Pakistan
spread by contagious diffusion into indian subconsontinet and displaced native religions
90
Ethnic group
A population that shares common roots based on culture, religion, race, language, or nationality
91
Race
A group of people with a common biological ancestor
92
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own ethnic group is superior to all others
93
Ethnic island
A small ethnic settlement centered in the middle of a larger group of the population
94
Ethnic enclave
Small areas of cities that are inhabited by a minority cultural group
95
Pop culture
the everchanging cultural norms associated with a large diverse group of people who are influenced by mass media mass production and mass merchandising
96
Folk Culture
A homogenous group of people with a strong family structure who follow a simple traditional lifestyle of self-sufficiency and independence from society's cultural mainstream
97
Sequent Occupance
Successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
98
Metes and bounds systems
Natural boundaries such as rivers rocks and trees
99
rectangular survey system
rectangular grid divisions to divide new land settlements
100
Long Lot system
Gives each settler access to riverfrontage and fertile alluvial soil while extending the long lots outward several acres to provide them with additional grazing and farming land
101
Vernacular regions
popular regions named for the way people perceive them
102
Antecedent Boundaries
Boundaries placed before the cultural landscape developed
103
Subsequent Boundaries
Drawn in after the cultural landscape is in place
104
Consequent Boundaires
Drawn in to accommodate existing languages, religions, or other cultural boundaries
105
Superimposed boundaires
Boundaires forced on existing boundaries
106
Relict boundaries
Old boundaries that are no longer used between countries
107
Irredentism
The sitcuation that arises when an ethnic group supports and seeks to reunite with its ethnic population in a neighboring country
108
Imperialism
The use of millitary threat, cultural domination and economic sanctions to gain control of a country and its resources
109
Heartland-rimland theory
A theory by Halford Mackinder who claimed how the possession Eurasia was necessary for the prevention of Russia's expansion
110
Supranational
An association of three or more states for mutual benefit
111
Sovereignty
The internationally recognized exercise of a country's power over its people and territory
112
Exclave
An outlier that is enclosed within the borders of another country
113
Primary Economic Activity
Something that involves taking from the earth
114
Sedentary
To settle in one place
115
First Agricultural Revolution
(Neolithic)
Involved seed agriculture farm and draft animals
Irrigation and storage for surplus crops
Division of labor and trade relations formed
116
Second Agricultural Revolution
Started in Europe and North America
Increase effectiveness and distributions
Horse plow and seed drill
effects: More food, less price, more healthy, more moving to cities
117
Agribusiness
Farm enterpirse to commercial enterprise
Single farm to integrated production and marketing partnership
118
Green Revolution
began in the 1970s when scientists created higher-yielding crops and new fertilizers
EX: (rice wheat maize)
Pricey so it sets back poorer farmers
Causes environmental damage (Soil quality decreased
Reduced Biodiversity
119
Nation-states
A state in which most of the population is comprised of a specific culture or group of people
120
Domino theory
States that once a country becomes communist or has a drastic change the other nearby countries will soon follow
121
Federal State
a type of government that gives local political units within a country power
122
Unitary States
Allocates most of the power to a strong central government
123
Modern commercial agriculture
Large-scale agricultural production for profit using specialized methods, technologies, and genetically engineered seeds
124
Vertical Integration
Contracts between farmers and purchasing/processing companies)
125
Subsistence farming
The consumption of everything that is grown gradually took over hunting and gathering
126
Shifting agriculture
Based on growing crops in different fields on a rotating basis (Ex: Maya rotating maize fields)
127
Swidden Agriculture
Slash and burn farming
128
Intensive Subsistance agriculture
Heavy labor and fertilizer for smaller argicultural land
129
Urban Subsistence farming
forms of small city gardens
130
Pastoralism
Form of subsistence farming in which animals are herded in a seasonal migratory pattern.
131
Transhumance
When pastoralist move their herds constantly in a set seasonal pattern of grazing
132
Plantation Agriculture
Located in tropical regions where the rainfall and soil allow certain crops to grow in abundance(rice, cane sugar, rubber, cacao, tea, coffee)
133
Mediterraean Agriculture
grows crops needing a warm year-round climate with plenty of sunshine (Grapes, olives, citrus, and figs)
134
Ranching
Cattle and sheep grazing
135
Truck farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming
136
Von Thunen's model
explains the relationship between the cost of land and the cost to transport the crop to market (closer towards means more expensive)
Assumes: Isolated state(no trade), Land is uniform, and just road for transport
137
Three factors that affect rural settlement
The kind of resource sthat arracts people to the area
The transportation methods available at the time of settlement
Role of government policy like the land survey system
138
Desertification
Turning Agricultural land into desserts through use of overgrazing and the subsequent erosion of unprotected topsoils by winds
139
Conservation agriculture
farming based on optimizing crop yields and profits without depleting soil, ecourangig erosiom, and harming the enviornment
140
conservation crop rotation
Planting low-residue(low fiber) crops then high residue crops the following year
141
Conservation tillage
allowing the crop residue to stay on top of the field, rather than being plowed under when planting begins
142
terrace
Creating an embankment at a right angle to sloping land allowing water to soak into the soil rather than move down and take the soil with it
143
Grassed Waterways
Creating a broad and shallow depression, usually below a terraced area, that is planted with grasses to prevent erosion by slowing the flow of runoff, holding a bank, and filtering out soil particles.
144
Tragedy of commons
When a resource is available to all without controls or limits, each user can exploit that resource to the point of eventual depletion
145
Hiterland
Surrounding trade area
146
Gateway cities
Control centers establish world wide for colonial powers
147
Urbanization
The rapid growth and migration to large cities
148
Rural to urban migaration
The movement of people from the countryside to the city usually in search of economic opportunities and a better life.
149
Supercity
Large city
150
Megalopolis
Group of supercities that have merged together into one large urban area
151
World city
A city that serves as an important linkage or connection point in the global economic system
152
Megacity
A metropolitan area with a total population of over 10 million people according to the UN
153
Suburbanization
The movement of people from urban core areas to surrounding the outer edge of the cities
154
Edge cities
Areas in suburban proximity that created hubs of industrial parks, apartment and condominium complexes, office parks, and gated communities
155
Primate city
the largest and most influential city in a country, typically exceeding twice the size of the second-largest city..=
156
Rank Rule size
proposed by Zipf claiming all cities in a country are placed in order from the largest to the smallest, the rate of decrease in size of each city 's population is large at first but quickly slows.
157
Central Place theory
Walter Christaller theory claiming cities exist for economic reasons and that people gather together in cities to share goods and ideas
158
Gravity model
The larger places attract people ideas and goods more strongly than smaller places.
159
CBD Central Business District
Found at the center of every older central city and is the area of sky scrapers, business headquaters, large banks, and crowed streees
160
Concentric zone model
a theory that describes the growth and structure of cities as a series of concentric rings expanding outward from a central business district
161
Bid-rent curve
States that the concentric circles are based on the amount people will pay for that land
162
Sector model
Created by Homer Hoyt, the theory of urban land use suggests that cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors extending from the Central Business District (CBD) along transportation routes
163
Multiple-nuclei model
Chauncey Harris and Edwards Ullman claimed there were numerous CBDs spread across the city
164
Forward capitals
New cities build to serve a growing and changing country
165
Basic Sector
Workers who produce goods and services for individual outside the urban area with limited money for moving into the cities
166
NonBasic Sector
Workers produce goods and services for people employed within the urban area.
167
Uneven Development
When some areas receive lots of investment dollars and other areas receive only token amount
168
Urban Sprawl
A pattern of urban expansion that is based on separate use of land for residential neighborhoods, retail shopping centers strip malls, etc.
169
Human development index
based measures the development of each country using the access to knowledge, decent standard of living, and the ability to lead a long and healthy
170
Gross domestic product
an approximation of the total value of all final goods and services produced by a country per year.
171
Gross national product
The GDP plus the value of income from abroad such as earnings from a US company like Intel, which produces silicon chips in Leixlip, County Kildare, Ireland
172
Sustainable development
It is possible to balance economic growth without jeopardizing the environment and equitable human access.
173
Primary
an Economic activity that focus on extraction of natural resources
174
Secondary
An economic activity that focuses processing of raw materials into finished goods by manufacturing
175
Tertiary
An Economic activity that focuses on the provision of services
176
Quaternary
An economic activity that processes information and knowlegde
177
Quinary
An economic activity that makes high-level decisions.
178
W.W. Rostow's model of economic developmentq
(Modernization theory) Based on economic growth and modernization
As time goes on the level of development increase
traditional society → Preconditions for take-off → Take-off→ Drive to maturity→ age of mass consumption
179
Developmentalism
The notion that every country and region will eventually make economic progress toward a high level mass consumption if they only compete to the best of their ability within the world economy.
180
Dependency theory
A theory of economic development based on the periphery resulting in the periphery's dependence on the core
181
Neocolonialism
The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies
182
Least cost theory
Developed by Alfred Weber, three main expenses must be minimized in locating an industry- Labor costs, transportation costs, and agglomeration
183
Agglomeration effects
The cost advantages for an individual company gained by locating near similar functional industries or companies
184
Localization economies
Cost savings for individual industries as result of grouping together in a certain location
185
Spread effects
The peripheral region benefits from economic growth of the core region by growing too.
186
Growth poles
Locations for economic activity that are specifically grouped around a high-growth industry
187
Profit maximization Theory
Finding a location where the net profit would be the greatest
188
Footloose industry
if a frim produces something that requires minimal transport cost
189
Import substitutiion
production of goods and services, once imported by core regions, in periphery regions
190
Deindustrialization
When a region witnesses decreased industrial employment as industries responded to decreased profits
191
Fordism
The process of using assembly-line yechniques and scientific management in manufacturing and is attributed to henry ford
192
Neo-Fordism
The evolution of mass production with a more responsive system geared to the nuances of mass consumption
193
Export-processing zones (EPZs)
small areas with exceptional investment and trading conditions that the governments create to stimulate and attract foreign investment
194
Commodity chain
Refers to a chain of activities from the manufacturing to the distribution of a product.
195
Toponyms
the names given to specific places or geographic features, reflecting cultural, historical, and linguistic contexts.
