Human - Global systems and governance

Question 1

Globalisation

What is it?

Answer 1

Definition:
Globalisation: is the process by which people and places are becoming increasingly interconnected, integrated and interdependent through various flows of capital, products, people, information and services.

Question 2

Globalisation

What is it?

Answer 2

The shrinking world:
Time-space compression.
Travel and communication times have decreased thanks to the internet.
The expansion of English, cheap travel and shipping, etc have all made us more interdependent.

Question 3

Globalisation

Dimensions of globalisation (not in spec):

Answer 3

Flows of:

1. Capital: through global stock markets, international loans, debt relief and aid, FDI, private citizens and remittances.
2. Products: through manufactured goods stimulated by low production costs, less regulation and cheap Labour in LICs/MICs being shipped to HIC customers.
3. Labour: through 250million international migrants.
4. People: global tourism is 1 billion people a year, and is on the rise.
5. Services: through tourists and foreign workers, finance services and online media or retailing.
6. Information: through the internet and time-space compression and fast global comms.

It creates interdependence as places are more interconnected due to the constant and rapid flows of capital, products, resources, services, info and labour between them, meaning for nations it increases competition and reliance with each other.

Question 4

Globalisation

Factors of facilitating globalisation:

Answer 4

(Ranked in order of importance):
1. Transport/comms systems:
Increases flows of people (aircraft, tourism, shrinking world)
Increases flows of products (containerisation, more shipping routes, easier logistics internationally).

Question 5

Globalisation

Factors of facilitating globalisation:

Answer 5

(Ranked in order of importance):
1. Transport/comms systems:
Increases flows of people (aircraft, tourism, shrinking world)
Increases flows of products (containerisation, more shipping routes, easier logistics internationally).
Fibre optic cables allow the fastest comms (between people or companies)
Increases in free comms software (removes barriers to entry for poorer people/countries).

Question 6

Globalisation

Factors of facilitating globalisation:

Answer 6

2. Technology:
   The internet and social media (brought NGOs, reduced comms and transport costs and reduced the market size).
   Faster communications (satellites and phones)
   E-commerce and flows of capital electronically (flows of products and services via the internet).
   Has created new systems of how to work, how to trade, etc

Question 7

Globalisation

Factors of facilitating globalisation:

Answer 7

3. Role of TNCs (including management and information systems):
   Supply chains are more global, minimising costs by putting different aspects of their production line in different countries
   Economies of scale can be used to lower prices (production lines, specialised equipment).
   They can outsource their manufacturing to an LIC with less regulation and cheaper labour to save costs (rise of China)
   Basing their HQs/factories in places, their global power, their spatial networks, FDI and international trade.
   Zero-hour contracts from big companies means they only pay employees when they work, not a monthly payment, they TNC saves money (although it is unethical).

Question 8

Globalisation

Factors of facilitating globalisation:

Answer 8

4. Role of intergovernmental organisations:

The UN, WHO, WB make the market freer and easier to navigate to facilitate global flows.

Question 9

Globalisation

Factors of facilitating globalisation:

Answer 9

5. Government policy through trade agreements:
   Removes the barriers to trade (cheaper, less tariffs)
   The EU and trade blocs.
   (Bilateral) trade agreements to help facilitate more free trade (NAFTA/EU)
   Acts as forums for negotiations

However, there has been more new nationalism and protectionism (Trump/Brexit), to decrease this.

Question 10

Globalisation

Factors of facilitating globalisation:

Answer 10

6. Growth of financial systems:
   The growth of the free market (government deregulation) and financial systems has means easier and quicker flows of capital, and international investors (FDI)
   EX: rise of the IMF and Wall Street/stock markets generally.

Question 11

Globalisation

Factors of facilitating globalisation:

Answer 11

7. Nations co-operating to prevent security threats:
   Interdependency in trade and flows of labour, information, services, products and capital between nations will decrease the likelihood of war (the EU’s main principle).
   Countries can co-operate to decrease violence (NATO 1949)

However, it can also make war more likely (when countries fight over resources like oil).

Question 12

Global systems

Issues with interdependence:

Answer 12

Unequal flows of people:
Benefits:
1. People move from countries with less jobs (LICs) to countries with more jobs (HICs).
2. People also leave countries to escape wars, famines and persecution (refugees).
3. People move for better economic opportunities, and these people normally have money (for visas, transport, living costs), the HIC may also only let in people with skills or education.
4. It is easier for people in HICs to migrate, than LICs (UK citizens have 173 visa free countries, Afghanistan has just 24).
5. Migrants can bring economic growth, as they do jobs natives don’t want to go or can’t do (Nepalese building Qatar stadiums)
6. Many migrants send back remittances and increase economic growth in their home country

Problems:

1. Inequalities: Brain drain happens from LICs (reinforces inequalities)
2. Conflict: Locals and migrants can clash as migrants work for less money than locals and can displace them in jobs and depress wages.
3. Injustice: Migrant workers are sometimes exploited to work in dangerous conditions for little money (Nepalese in Water stadiums dying).

Question 13

Global systems

Issues with interdependence:

Answer 13

Unequal flows of money:
Benefits:
1. Remittances, foreign aid, FDI, and income from trade. This increases living standards and infrastructure).
EX: Asian nations have developed due to western investment (500 million Chinese out of poverty since 1990), this has led to the ‘global middle class’. The origin countries of TNCs also benefit (USA got $6billion from Apple in 2012) (not just HICs, also Tata Steel from India and Huawei from China)
2. Money is often from an HIC to an LIC, this allows the LIC to develop (exploit natural resources, grow companies, use cheap labour, etc).
3. Money can also come from international organisations (IMF, WB) (EX: Laos dam build by them, getting a $2billion profit a year).

Problems:
1. Inequalities: Foreign aid can cause dependencies.
FDI can force out local businesses for TNCs. that have better systems and more money
There is a big economic divide between the rural and city populations in MICs as the rural parts get no benefit from FDI.
The origin countries are mostly HICs that don’t need the money.
The LICs/MICs are exploited and the HICs get the profit.
Almost no trickle down happens from TNC profits.
The IMF/WB creates inequality with strict rules and bad planning.
2. Conflict: Foreign aid can go to armed groups and fund conflict.
FDI can cause conflict between foreign companies and local people (FDI into farming TNCs can force out normal farmers).
3. Injustice: TNCs may pressure/lobby the LIC/MIC gov to pass laws to make it cheaper to invest there (like less environmental regulations or less enforced working conditions).

Question 14

Global systems

Issues with interdependence:

Answer 14

Ideas dominated by HICs:
Benefits:
1. These ideas can benefit humanity as a whole (renewable energy, tech, etc).
2. It can draw workers in from LICs to help and then fuel remittences, have better qualities of life, etc.
3. Govs of HICs providing welfare for their citizens and controlling imports to protect industries was removed in favour of Neo-liberalism in the 80s, improving opportunities for LICs to sell to HICs and develop.
4. With Neo-liberalism increasing free trade, and interdependency, there has been less conflict.

Problems:
1. Inequalities: Neo-liberalism started in HICs, but spread globally and concentrates wealth in the hands of a few people.
Also, because of brain drain, HICs will benefit from these ideas, and LICs won’t.
2. Conflict: Govs of LICs/MICs can try to limit free trade to HICs, leading to conflict (OPEC oil embargo of 1973).
3. Injustice: poor working conditions, environmental damage and less pay can be justified by TNCs and govs to ‘develop the nation’.

Question 15

Global systems

Issues with interdependence:

Answer 15

Technology owned by developed countries:
Benefits:
1. Tech means that progress can be made in the HICs and benefit humanity (like COVID vaccines).
2. It helps the HICs through taxes ($6billion to the USA from Apple in 2012).
This tech can be sold and given to LICs to use (Apple sells $9billion worth of goods to Asia excluding Japan and China).

Problems:

1. Inequalities: environmental degradation can be caused (air pollution with China). This fuels inequality as the LIC/MICs are used as factories to create the tech and the HICs benefit from this.
2. Inequalities: the HICs access to the best tech perpetuates development. Positive feedback loops of HICs being more developed, while LICs can’t.
3. Conflict/injustice: repressive Govs of LICs use military tech sold to them by HICs to stop protests/cause violence in their countries.

Question 16

International trade and access to markets:

Global features of investment and trade

Answer 16

Features and trends of the volumes and patterns of international trade:

1. The volume of it has increased by 8 times since 1980 (due to containerisation, faster communications, etc)
2. The pattern of trade has changed as HICs remain the highest traders (the top 5 trading nations control 37% of global trade), and consumers, but some MICs are catching up. China is not the biggest exporter, due to huge growth in its manufacturing sectors.
3. LICs are also becoming big traders, but growth is slow. African countries contributions to trade grew from 2% to 3% since 1995.
4. More countries are removing barriers to trade (due to trade blocs), making trade more accessible.
5. There has also been a rise in fair trade in HICs, that supports LICs.
6. Inequality is rising though, as HICs exploit LICs for natural resources and then manufacture it elsewhere, making a profit.

Question 17

International trade and access to markets:

Global features of trade and investment:

Answer 17

International investment:

1. The volume of FDI has increased from around $400billion in 1996 to nearly $1.5trillion in 2016.
2. The pattern of investment has changed. It used to be HICs investing in other HICs, but now it is more HICs investing in MICs and LICs. (China, India, Brazil have been some of the most invested in nations in the last decade).
3. Even MICs now invest in LICs, like China in Africa (Angola) or the Belt and Road scheme.
4. Ethical investment is on the rise too, where sustainable and ethic businesses are receiving more money every year.

Question 18

International trade and access to markets:

Nature and role of TNCs:

Answer 18

Definition:
TNCs are companies that operate in more than one country. They have grown in volume and size due to globalisation (80% of global trade is done by them). They mainly produce consumer products, but there are also primary and tertiary sector TNCs in banking or mining (for example).
They bring lots of investment, spread new tech, new jobs and can promote cultures. They increase the potential for investment in these nations and can have political influence.

Question 19

International trade and access to markets:

Nature and role of TNCs:

Answer 19

They use spatial organisation to connect countries more (a global supply chain):

1. Their headquarters will be in HICs with a lot of transport and comms connections and a supply of high skilled workers.
2. Research and development facilities will be located in HICs, in areas of high skilled workers (University towns).
3. Some TNCs will have regional R&D facilities to be closer to their consumer markets and make more localised products (McDonalds halal meat in the Middle East).
4. Factories are located in MICs/LICs where production costs are lower and there is less regulation (on working conditions and environment). They can also have factories in HICs, where their markets are to reduce import costs and taxes.

Question 20

International trade and access to markets:

Nature and role of TNCs:

Answer 20

TNCs form linkages between countries through investment by expanding their operations internationally:

1. Mergers: two companies agreeing to become one bigger company, helping forge links between the two countries where they operate (BP and Amoco merged in 1998).
2. Acquisitions: when a TNC buys another and becomes bigger (Ford bought Volvo in 1999).
3. Using Subcontractors/offshoring: TNCs can use foreign companies to manufacture products without owning the business, making links between the host and production countries.
4. FDI: this can involve mergers, acquisitions and using subcontractors as they are investing in the nations they expand into.

They can also gain more control over their markets by expanding operations:

1. Vertical integration: is when a TNC takes over other parts of the supply chain (often by mergers, acquisitions, FDI)
2. Horizontal integration: when a company merges with or takes over another at the same stage of production.

Question 21

International trade and access to markets:

Nature and role of TNCs:

Answer 21

The Golden Arches theory by Thomas Friedman: No two countries with McDonalds will go to war.
(Although this was broken with Russia and Ukraine in 2014)

These TNCs become the connections between countries, and are the economic links.
They also link them socially and culturally through glocalisation (Coca-Cola marketing across the world and people identifying them with the American lifestyle.

Question 22

International trade and access to markets:

Nature and role of TNCs:

Answer 22

TNCs organise production to take advantage of the global supply chain:

1. TNCs create a global supply chain, giving them economies of scale, getting the most value from their supply chain.
2. TNCs in primary industry often invest in LICs with natural resources they can extract.
3. TNCs in secondary industry often invest in MICs/LICs with low labour costs and cheap land and less regulation. These Govs often give tax breaks to them.
4. TNCs in tertiary industries invest in HICs with well-educated populations that will be able to use and afford their services.
5. TNCs often invest in countries with less labour environmental regulation (cutting costs).

Question 23

International trade and access to markets:

Nature and role of TNCs:

Answer 23

TNCs have big impacts on global trade:
1. Intra-firm trading is when one division of a TNC trades with another part.
EX: Intel assembles its tech in Costa Rica, but sells in the USA (they intra-firm trade to do this).
These trades are counted in trade stats, making up 30-50% of global trade.
However, the prices are decided internally, not be the markets, giving TNCs much more power than smaller businesses.
2. When a TNC first invests, it creates a multiplier effect, with more jobs in the area meaning more money for local business and governments (taxes).
3. TNCs are it easier for local companies to trade as part of the global supply chain.
EX: Taiwanese Foxconn are important for Apple, Microsoft and Amazon to trade.

Question 24

International trade and access to markets:

Nature and role of TNCs:

Answer 24

TNCs can take advantage of global marketing:

1. TNCs have a lot of money to spend on advertising
2. They gain knowledge of local markets and adjust their marketing to this (glocalisation), fitting with the local culture (EX: McDonalds halal meat in the Middle East).
3. The aim of many TNCs is to create a globally recognised brand that can then be sold without even marketing (Coca-Cola).

Question 25

International trade and access to markets:

Coffee Case Study:

Answer 25

Patterns, processes and issues of global coffee trade:

1. It is produced in equatorial and tropic regions.
2. Brazil is the biggest producer, and Finland is the biggest consumer.
3. Most imports are from the USA and Western Europe (esp Germany).
4. LICs produce and their farmers sell the raw products to HICs who brand it, process it and consume it to make a profit (unfair global market).
5. Farmers from LICs make around 2p from every £3 coffee consumed in an HIC.
6. The International Coffee Agreement was created to keep prices high and stable to help farmers, but as it broke down, the coffee prices dropped and the LICs were the ones that suffered as the raw materials are the most vulnerable to market fluctuation.
7. HIC trade blocs put more tariffs and quotas on LIC farmers, making selling even harder and more expensive (the HIC consumer holds the power).
8. Just 6 TNCs control more than half the world’s coffee trade worth $55billion, and the farmers get just 13% of that. Most goes to the HIC TNCs that brand and sell it.

Question 26

International trade and access to markets:

Coffee Case Study:

Answer 26

Patterns, processes and issues of global coffee trade:

1. It is produced in equatorial and tropic regions.
2. Brazil is the biggest producer, and Finland is the biggest consumer.
3. Most imports are from the USA and Western Europe (esp Germany).
4. LICs produce and their farmers sell the raw products to HICs who brand it, process it and consume it to make a profit (unfair global market).
5. Farmers from LICs make around 2p from every £3 coffee consumed in an HIC.
6. The International Coffee Agreement was created to keep prices high and stable to help farmers, but as it broke down, the coffee prices dropped and the LICs were the ones that suffered as the raw materials are the most vulnerable to market fluctuation.
7. HIC trade blocs put more tariffs and quotas on LIC farmers, making selling even harder and more expensive (the HIC consumer holds the power).
8. Just 6 TNCs control more than half the world’s coffee trade worth $55billion, and the farmers get just 13% of that. Most goes to the HIC TNCs that brand and sell it.

Question 27

International trade and access to markets:

Coffee Case Study:

Answer 27

Fair-trade coffee can help farmers:
1. This program guarantees farmers a living wage and promises to buy their coffee for a set number of years.
2. This includes 250 coffee co-operative and 675,000 farmers in 2005 (more now).
3. It gives farmers some stability and encourages them to invest their profits back into the business.
4. Farmers under the program get 70% of their export profits, compared to the normal 30%.
5. It promotes environmental protection and is anti-TNC exploitation.
6. They even have a communal fund for the local communities, to help them develop (called Fair-trade Premium).
EX: Starbucks buy 74% of their coffee from the program.

Question 28

Global governance

What is it?

Answer 28

Global governance is defined as: ‘The sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their global affairs’.

Question 29

Global governance

Why do we need it?

Answer 29

Political needs: anti-terrorism, anti-war, international co-operation on crime, UN development goals, refugees, global commons.
Environmental needs: fighting climate change, protection of environmental refugees, helping nations be sustainable.
Social: Equality fighting, giving rights to everyone, elimination of modern slavery.
Economic: solving economic crises, helping reduce food shortages, reducing world hunger/thirst and poverty, creating fairer global trade systems, regulating TNCs that act above the law.

Question 30

Global governance

What establishes it?

Answer 30

Institutions: like national Govs legislation, TNCs add political pressure and influence with FDI (etc), International organisations respond to global events and aid national Govs and NGOs (UN, WHO, WB, IMF).
NGOs: enhance the flows of info and operate on national and local levels (EX: Doctors Without Borders).
Norms: our values and traditions as nations can be enshrined in laws.
Laws: international law and agreements are binding and force certain standards.

Question 31

Global governance

Benefits of global governance (generally):

Answer 31

How global governance has led to growth and stability:

1. The laws and norms that institutions enforce mean that counties must abide, creating stability under one system and one ruler.
2. Trade rules mean nations can’t take advantage of each other, so all can develop.
3. The WTO aim to increase global trade through common rules, leading to more economic growth and rules that make trade predictable, increasing stability. The WB gives nations loans to help them develop.
4. The WTO combats disease and pandemics (Ebola and COVID), increasing stability. UNESCO share scientific advances among nations and preserve cultural sites.

Question 32

Global governance

Issues with global governance (generally):

Answer 32

How global governance leads to inequalities and injustice:
1. Their laws are hard to enforce for nations and TNC.
EX: China ignored a court ruling that its South China Sea claims were against International law, and because they are so important to the global economy, they face no consequences.
2. They could be there for political reasons. (Some think that nations use the ICC to remove people that don’t want power in Africa).
3. There are conditions to loans in the IMF or WB which can be strict and force cuts to gov spending (impacting education and healthcare).
4. Groups like the G7 strengthen ties between each other and make global governance more about them than equality.
5. Members of the Security Council have undue influence and veto powers (Russia and China vetoed military intervention in Syria in 2013).

Question 33

Global governance

The role of the UN:

Answer 33

The UN increased interdependency, aid and co-operation between member states, it aims to keep peace and settle disputes.
The Secretariat oversees programmes and policies.
The Security council (UK,US,FR,RU,CN) keeps international peace and security.
The economic and social councils coordinate various agencies to help medicine, education and social needs globally.
The general assembly approves budgets, establishes agencies and elects members to serve on them.
The ICJ rule on cases between nations (territory disputes, HR violations and trade disagreements).

Question 34

Global governance

Benefits of global governance (the UN):

Answer 34

How the UN has led to growth and stability:

1. The UNDHR, MDGs and SDGs were successful, and WHO’s food, medicine and education programmes worked.
2. They have peacemaker forces (in South Sudan now) and they support nuclear disarmament.
3. At least 21 million lives were saved thanks to the SDGs and more will be from now due to climate change prevention and further equality.
4. Changed global norms on climate change with the Paris Climate Accord 2015 and Rio Summit 1992 and the UN Environmental programme (UNEP).
5. Negotiated fair-trade policies between LICs and HICs (International coffee agreement).
6. They are first responders to humanitarian crises (Haiti earthquake 2011).
7. They act as an independent arbitrator with a strong moral code and settle legal disputes in the ICJ.
8. They create better understanding of global issues and inequalities.

Question 35

Global governance

Issues with global governance (the UN)

Answer 35

How the UN has led to inequalities and injustices:

1. It is run by HICs (UN security council, USA holds 22% of the votes on budget matters). These HICs make the UN focus on their agendas (US protection of Israel).
2. They have sometimes failed (Vietnam war) and the number of nuclear weapons is increasing. They have done little in the Middle East.
3. Globalisation and capitalism supports unequal trade.
4. They have not resettled many refugees or dealt with diseases (AIDs).
5. They are misled by HICs (Iraq war by the USA)
6. There are limited repercussions for nations that break the rules.
7. Unilateral UN military action can have deep geo-political impacts (Iraq war led to unstable Middle-East).
8. The MDGs and SDGs failed to reach the poorest and most rural people.
9. They didn’t take firm action on the 1994 Rwandan genocide and indirectly allowed the massacre of Bosnian Muslims in 1995.
   10: They have not done so well in tackling climate change as many summits were ineffective. They don’t take extreme enough action (Paris agreement) as it is controlled by the US who like the status quo.

Question 36

Global governance

Interactions between institutions:

Answer 36

How institutions work together to make global governance a success:
1. They operate at a range of scales: Global (UN), international (EU), National (UK government), Regional (Devolved assemblies), locally (local councils and courts).
Global decisions affect the ones lower down (Paris accord 2015 meant lower governing bodies had to adhere to regulations on climate change).
Even local and regional bodies can affect higher ones (A Belgian regional government blocked a trade deal between the EU and Canada).
2. NGOs operate on a range of scales to support and monitor institutions. (Lobbying to create law, like Greenpeace, or helping local communities, like WaterAid).

Question 37

Antarctica

Threat from fishing and whaling:

Answer 37

Antarctica is a global common that no one owns.
Threats from fishing and whaling:
1. Overfishing threatens many species. Antarctic Krill are the most overfished (over 200,000 tonnes in 2013). This has an effect on the whole food chain.
2. There are legal limits to how much fish can be caught per year to keep stocks at a sustainable level, but a lot of illegal fishing still happens as it is hard to enforce.
3. Whaling damaged whale populations around Antarctica, and they are slow breeders, so take a while to build up again.
4. Although there have been efforts to regulate this like the the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and the Whaling Moratorium, banning whaling and creating sanctuaries, it is hard to enforce, and some countries loophole it to whale for ‘scientific reasons’.
The main whaling countries are Iceland, Norway and Japan.

Question 38

Globalisation Critique

Benefits of globalisation:

Answer 38

1. Integration: It allows countries to pool their resources together to solve global issues that are too big for a single country to deal with.
   More integration of info and people creates better understanding between cultures.
2. Development: FDI bring capital to countries, that can be used for education and more infrastructure. This can then attract more trade and investment and development (positive feedback loop).
   Global institutions like the WB or IMF can direct resources to help countries develop more.
3. Stability: As countries become more interconnected, they become more dependent on each other. This discourages conflict and instability.
4. Economic growth: Participation in global trade allows countries to profit from their natural resources and specialist industries, generating wealth. They can also gain products and services that they would be unable to get themselves. There is more access to money and products, improving people’s standards of living (remittances, global middle class)
   Fair trade and NGOs help poorer people, much less extreme poverty (8.6% now), cheaper and quicker products, services, info, labour, to satisfy the consumer mindset.
   Employment increases from migration and freedom of movement cheaply (Nepal to Qatar).
   The IMF, WTO, WB and UN help nations (Uganda in 2005).
5. Socially/culturally: The internet allows global comms to spread awareness of issues. Less International barriers due to increased cheap transport links and comms. Closer interactions between states (UN). Migrating labour forces (Nepal to Qatar). Global hub distribution (now more in Asia than just in EU and USA). TNCs promote equality in the workplace (HSBC). More cultural acceptance and diversity through migration, global links and comms and tourism.
6. Environmental: Advances in tech means less travel is needed. Renewable tech created. TNCs can help with climate change mitigation. International co-operation on it and global awareness has been because of international organisations and more links of comms/people. More TV shows have been available (David Attenborough) to spread awareness.
7. Political: More global awareness and political shaming (China), increases peace and stability through interdependency and FDI and global governance. Better global co-operation on political issues (UN peace makers and anti-terrorism measures).

Question 39

Globalisation Critique

Issues with globalisation:

Answer 39

1. Economic: As TNCs move low-skilled jobs to MICs/LICs, the workers in HICs lose jobs (EX: Detroit ghost town) (divide between rich and poor in the HICs). HICs have more access to capital, tech, meaning they have an advantage over the LICs (increasing inequalities). Interdependency can be too severe meaning countries can’t survive alone (EX: Greece with the EU).
2. Social: Workers are treated badly in MICs/LICs (Bangladesh). Better comms and transport has made human trafficking easier. China’s Belt and Road initiative makes nations dependent on them. Social media has meant we have fake news, negative attitudes and comments, bad mental health and a tech addiction. The Americanisation of everything and the reach of TNCs has watered down cultures (cultural homogenisation) and loss of traditions.
3. Environmental: Globalisation (after the IR) has been the biggest contributor to climate change, CO2 emissions, deforestation, overfishing, transboundary pollution is possible because of tech, the consumerist attitude, faster slows, new shipping routes, industrialised farming, more emitting countries (China/India), more environmental refugees (now over 70 million). The loss of biodiversity and wildlife will affect food chains. Land grabs and Neo-colonialism has been facilitated by glob and unfair global governance. It has created a ‘race to the bottom’ for TNCs to find countries that ignore environmental regulations. Fast fashion has been created due to fast creation and selling of products (creates waste).
4. Political: The sense of national identity is lost. There are political migrants in bad conditions - the forces of glob facilitated this (flows of movement). Conflict creates issues that tress tin migrants (Gulf wars on terror). There have been HICs intervening in LIC conflicts to get natural resources (Iraq war and oil). Cyber warfare has been created. (Russia in 2016 election). Protectionism and far-right politics is on the rise as a response to glob, which harms people economically and socially (Trump Muslim Travel Ban 2017).