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NUR 1110 > Human Growth > Flashcards

Human Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—”go car”—using mostly nouns and verbs.

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2
Q

Phonological memory

A

Ability to remember speech sounds briefly; an important skill in acquiring vocabulary

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3
Q

Overregularization

A

Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular

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4
Q

Fast mapping

A

The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure

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5
Q

Coo and babbling

A

Beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

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6
Q

One to one counting

A

Accounting principle that states that there must be one and only one number name for each object counted

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7
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

A special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person’s recollections of his or her life experiences

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8
Q

Complex emotions

A

Self-conscious or self-evaluative emotions that emerge in the second year and depend, in part, on cognitive development

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9
Q

Altrusic behavior

A

Behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself

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10
Q

Gender stereotype

A

A preconceived notion about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in a culture

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11
Q

Gender labeling

A

By age 2 or 3, children understand that they are either boys or girls and label themselves accordingly

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12
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Devised theory of multiple intelligences

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13
Q

IQ quotient

A

Mental age/chronological age x 100

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14
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

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15
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Revised Binet’s IQ test and established norms for American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life

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16
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the U.S. because it was too culture-bound (French)

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17
Q

Hierarchial view of intelligence

A

General intelligence, 8 broad categories of skill ranging from fluid intelligence to processing speed, then divided further
- integrate findings from decades of research
- critics say ignores cognitive research and it doesn’t capture what intelligence is

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18
Q

Child abuse

A

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

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19
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

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20
Q

Physical development associated with puberty

A

Taller, heavier, and stronger
there are also changes in children’s sexual organs, brains, skin, hair, teeth and sweatiness

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21
Q

Spermarche

A

First ejaculation

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22
Q

ADHD

A

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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24
Q

Dependent variables

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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25
Q

Piaget’s stages

A

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years old)
Preoperational stage (2-7 years old)
Concrete operational stage (7-11 years old)
Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood)

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26
Q

Object permanence

A

The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight

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27
Q

Erikson’s stages

A

Stage one: Infancy, trust versus mistrust
Stage two: Toddlerhood, autonomy versus shame and doubt
Stage three: Preschool years, initiative versus guilt
Stage four: Early school years, industry versus inferiority
Stage five: Adolescence, identity
Stage six: Young adulthood (19 to 40 years), intimacy vs. isolation
Stage seven: Middle adulthood (40 to 65 years), generativity vs. stagnation
Stage eight: Maturity (65 to death), ego integrity vs. despair

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28
Q

Micro/Marco

A

Small/Large

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29
Q

Exo

A

Outside, outward

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30
Q

Chronosystems

A

In Bronfenbrener’s ecological model of development, the system that represents how individuals vary their interactions with each other based on the passage of time

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31
Q

Zygots

A

Fertilized Egg

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32
Q

Stages of labor

A

1st: dilating stage 3 phases: Latent (0-3cm) Active (4-7cm) Traditional (8-10cm w/ urge to push)
2nd stage: delivery
3rd: placental delivery
4th: recovery- primary goal to prevent hemorrhage from uterine atony, 1st void within 1 hour and then q2-3 hrs, Rhogam

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33
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo

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34
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

35
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

Head to toe

36
Q

Proximodistal

A

“inside-to-outside rule” motor skills emerge in a sequence of center moving outward

37
Q

Information processing approach

A

Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information

38
Q

Implicit and explicit memory

A

Implicit Memory
- can affect behavior without coming into full awareness.

Explicit Memory
- requires conscious awareness

39
Q

Semantic and episodic memory

A

Semantic: Things we know
Episodic: Experiences

40
Q

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

A

Continuity Development is a gradual, continuous process. It’s the idea that information and abilities are acquired over time. For example, a child’s physical growth is continuous change. They add inches to their height year by year.

Discontinuity Development occurs in a series of distinct stages. It’s the idea that growth and learning could occur in sudden jumps. For example, a child learns to crawl, then stand, and then to walk.
Discontinuity can be visible at times when change happens suddenly and dramatically.

41
Q

Sequential studies

A

Research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time

42
Q

Kohlberg’s levels of moral development

A

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

43
Q

When can an infant perceive color

A

3 Months

44
Q

Cellular theory of aging

A

The view that aging can be explained largely by changes in structure and function taking place in the cells of an organism

45
Q

Life cycle forces

A

Differences in how the same event affects people of different ages

46
Q

Primary and secondary appraisal

A

Primary appraisal is an assessment of how significant an event is for a person, including whether it is a threat or opportunity. Secondary appraisal then considers one’s ability to cope or take advantage of the situation.

47
Q

Pay inequity

A

Perceived unfairness of how pay is distributed

48
Q

Gender discrimination

A

Any practice, policy, or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or to a group because of gender.

49
Q

Work-family conflict

A

Occurs when the demands or pressures from work and family domains are mutually incompatible

50
Q

Boomerang employee

A

Individuals who terminate employment at one point in time but return to work in the same organization at a future time

51
Q

Occupational development

A

The systematic process of changes in occupational behaviors over time. This happens when people, environments, and occupations interact at the individual, species, and occupation levels.

52
Q

Sandwich generation

A

The generation of middle-aged people who are supposedly “squeezed” by the needs of the younger and older members of their families

53
Q

kinkeeper

A

A caregiver who takes responsibility for maintaining communication among family members

54
Q

Social security

A

Federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people

55
Q

Medicare part D

A

Prescription drug coverage

56
Q

Diabetes

A

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar

57
Q

Parkinson’s

A

A brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination

58
Q

Hunington’s disease

A

An inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die

59
Q

Elder abuse and exploitation

A

Misuse of vulnerable adult’s income or other financial resources

60
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

61
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily.

62
Q

Presbyopia

A

Impairment of vision as a result of old age

63
Q

4th age

A

80 and up, old old, losses in cognitive potential and ability to learn, dementia prevalence, and behavioral systems change toward a more negative profile.

64
Q

Who usually cares for an aging parent

A

The daughter or daughter in law

65
Q

Retirement

A

The action or fact of leaving one’s job and ceasing to work; people should save 11times their final salary to retire comfortably

66
Q

Kubler Ross’ stages of dying

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance

67
Q

Thanatology

A

The study of death and dying

68
Q

Clinically dead

A

The state of an individual who shows no brain waves for 24-48 hours

69
Q

Active eunthanasia

A

Person directly and deliberately causes the patient’s death. (given an overdose of painkillers) forced death

70
Q

what state was the first to legalized physician assisted suicide

A

Oregon

71
Q

Hospice

A

A home providing care for the sick, especially the terminally ill.

72
Q

multiple intelligences

A

The idea that there are different types of intelligence that are independent of one another

73
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.

74
Q

Passive euthanasia

A

natural death

75
Q

Fine and gross motor skills

A

Fine motor skills are small movements — such as picking up small objects and holding a spoon — that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips, and tongue.
Gross motor skills are the bigger movements — such as rolling over and sitting — that use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso, and feet.

76
Q

Ainsworth’s types of attachment

A

Secure attachment, Avoidant, Resistant, & Disorganized

77
Q

Types of play

A

Even two 6-month-olds look, smile, and point
at each other
* 12 months: parallel play, in which children
play alone but are keenly interested in what
others are doing
* 15-18 months: simple social play, in which
children do similar activities and talk or smile
at each other
* 24 months: cooperative play, theme-based
play where children take special roles

78
Q

Types of crying

A

basic cry, anger cry, pain cry

79
Q

Palmar and rooting reflex

A

The palmar reflex is a primitive and involuntary reflex found in infants of humans and most primates.
When an object, such as an adult finger, is placed in an infant’s palm, the infant’s fingers reflexively grasp the object.
The reflex subsides by 3 to 6 months of age and is replaced by voluntary grasping

this reflex starts when the corner of the baby’s mouth is stroked or touched. The baby will turn his or her head and open his or her mouth to follow and root in the direction of the stroking. This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to start feeding.

80
Q

Gibson-walk experiment

A

Gibson and Walk placed 6-14 month old infants on the edge of a safe canyon. The canyon’s drop off was covered by see-through glass. The parents of the infants tried to get the babies to crawl to the glass on top of the drop off as if it were just another walk way, but the babies could in fact perceive depth so they didn’t crawl onto the glass. They discovered that depth perception is partially innate.

81
Q

Parenting styles

A

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

82
Q

James Marcias’ identity status’

A

Diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, and achievement

83
Q

Sternberg’s 3 components of love

A

Intimacy, passion, and commitment

84
Q

Life story

A

A way of presenting oneself to others that is based on one’s self-concept but is also influenced by other people

NUR 1110 (16 decks)

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