Human Growth And Development Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is Structuralism?
It was created by Wilhelm Wundt. He believed that there are basic elements, or structures, which constitute the mind and that consciousness could be broken down into elements of sensations and feelings. He believed that when confronted with an experience an individual’s emotions emerge first and then the individual cognitively understands the experience and reacts behaviorally.
What is Functionalism?
It was created by William James. He believed that the function of consciousness was more adaptive than the structure of consciousness. He believed that human first experience a situation and then the emotional reaction occurs. He believed that human mental states (thoughts and behaviors) arise because of their functional role in adaptation to the individual’s environment.
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
Created by Sigmund Freud. Freud is believed that psychoanalysis seeks to relieve the person of neuroses via the use of free association and dream analysis to uncover repressed conflicts that are subsequently, relived on an emotional and intellectual level. This process continues until a mature understanding is achieved and integrated in new form into the personality.
Levels of Consciousness
Conscious is mental activities of which we are fully aware.
Preconscious is feelings, thoughts, and ideas, of which we are not currently aware, but can bring to our awareness relatively easily.
Unconsciousness is feelings, thoughts, memories, and desires of which we are unaware
The structure of personality
Personality according to Freud consist of the ID, the ego, and the superego
The id (pleasure principle)
Only part of personality present at birth. It is the unconscious and includes everything inherited, including instincts. It operates upon the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of instinctual urges with no regard for anything or anyone else.
The Ego (Reality Principle)
The development of the ego is intertwined with the psychosexual development of the child. The ego operates on the reality principle and is aware of the individual’s needs, as well as the realities of the real world. The ego seeks to gain gratification of these needs in a socially acceptable manner. The ego has defenses designed to keep the anxiety level of the individual to a manageable level by keeping anxiety-producing impulses out of consciousness.
The superego
Arises out of the ego. over time the child adopts values from his or her environment and a belief about what constitutes as good and bad.
Psychosexual stages of development
At each stage of development a different part of the body is the primary source of erotic pleasure. The stages of development may overlap. Often there is insufficient or excessive satisfaction of the needs associated with a each psychosexual stage, resulting in fixation.
Stage 1: Oral stage (birth-1 year of age)
Physical focus: mouth, tongue, lips
Psychological focus: dependency
refers to the time when the growing infant uses the mouth as a means of investigating the world. The primary erotic zone is the mouth.
Receptive substage: occurs in the first few months of life
Biting substage: occurs in the later part of the first year and goes with the rupture of teeth when biting a chewing becomes more satifiying
Stage 2: Anal stage (2-3 years of age)
Physical focus: Anus muscles
psychological focus: Self control, discipline and obedience.
refers to the time when there is a focus on control over bowel and urinary functions.
expulsion substage: associated with child frustration due to the parental insistence that the child appropriately go to the restroom. poor child management recklessness and defiance
retention substage: child ability to properly go to the restroom. can result in poor mismanagement hoarding behaviors and overvaluing of objects.
Stage 3: Phallic Stage (3-6 years of age)
believed that boys and girls were focused on the penis.
For boys: why doesn’t she have one
for girls: Why don’t I have one
involves identifying what it means to be a girl or boy.
refers to the time when the penis, clitoris, and vulva become sources of erotic pleasure.
Stage 4: Latency Period (6-11 Years of age)
refers to the time when sexual feelings continue to be repressed and the superego maintains parental standards. The child’s failure to satisfactorily negotiate this stage may lead to discomfort with members of the opposite sex in adulthood, avoidance of intimacy, or aggressive, emotionally detached sexual activity.
Stage 5: Genital stage (12 years of age- adulthood)
physical focus: renewed interest in excursion and sustained genital interest.
Developing interest in the opposite sex.
Refers to the time when there is greater development of primary and secondary sex characteristics, and the primary focus erotic pleasure is in the genitals
Individual psychology
was founded by Alfred Adler who had a significant influence on modern psychology
