Human Growth And Development Flashcards
(55 cards)
Trust versus Mistrust
Birth to 1 year children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon consistency of their caregivers.
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Ages 1-3: children begin to assert their independence by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices.
Initiative versus Guilt
Age 3-6: children assert themselves more frequently, planning activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others
Industry versus Inferiority
Age 6-Puberty: children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments
Identity versus Role Confusion
The transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. They explore possibilities and form their own identities.
Intimacy versus Isolation
Young adulthood: individuals begin to share themselves more intimately with others and explore relationships leading towards long term commitments.
Generativity versus Stagnation
Middle adulthood- adults establish careers, settle down within relationships, begin families, and develop the sense of the bigger picture
Ego Integrity versus despair
Older adults: contemplating accomplishments and developing a sense of integrity if they are satisfied with their lives
6 levels of Cognition
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
Cognitive development theory
Jean Piaget: how humans acquire knowledge, children learn through interaction with the environment and others.
Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (0-2years)
Preoperational (2-7years)
Concrete operations (7-11years)
Formal operations (11-maturity)
Kholbergs stages of moral development
Preconventional (before age 9)
Conventional (early adolescence)
Postconventional (adult)
Four orientations of Learning Theory
Behaviorist (Pavlov, Skinner)
Cognitive (Piaget)
Humanistic (Maslow)
Social/Situational (Bandura)
Respondent behavior
Involuntary behavior such as anxiety that is automatically elicited by a certain behavior
Operant behavior
Voluntary behavior such as walking or talking that is controlled by its consequences in the environment
Aversion therapy
Any treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or a behavior by repeated pairing of it with an aversive stimulus- alcoholism with Antabuse
Biofeedback
Behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscular tension. Used for ADHD and Anxiety
Extinction
Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement with eventually cease.
Flooding
A treatment procedure in which a clients anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli
In vivo desensitization
Pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety from least to most anxiety provoking situations, in a real setting
Modeling
Method of instruction that involves an individual demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by the client
Rational emotive therapy (RET)
Cognitively oriented therapy in which a social worker seeks to change a clients irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching a client to counter self defeating thinking with new, nondistressing self statements
Shaping
Method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
Systematic desensitization
An anxiety inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response. Anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation producing response so that eventually an anxiety producing stimulus produces a relaxation response.
