Human Growth and Development

Question 1

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erikson’s stages are…
A. Psychometric
B. Psychodiagnostic
C. Psychopharmacological
D. Psychosocial

Answer 1

b. Psychosocial

Question 2

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego Psychologists…

a. emphasize ego processes.
b. refute the concept of superego.
c. believe in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior.
d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.

Answer 2

A. emphasize ego
Ego is the center neo-Freudian psychodynamic theory

Question 3

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was…

a. Erik Erikson
b. Milton H. Erikson
c. A.A. Brill
d. Jean Piaget, creator of 4 stage theory

Answer 3

a. Erik Erikson
infancy - late life

1. Trust v. Mistrust
2. Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
3. Initiatives v. Guilt
4. Industry v. Inferiority
5. Identity v. Confusion
6. Intimacy v. Isolation
7. Generativity v. Stagnation
8. Integrity v. Despair

Question 4

The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would be most likely to reflect the work of…
a. Erik Erikson
b. Sigmund Freud (creator of psychodynamic theory)
c. Jay Haley
d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan

Answer 4

b. Freud

Question 5

William Perry is known for his concept know as:

a. relativistic thinking
b. dualistic thinking
c. cognitive thinking
d. unconcious thinking

Answer 5

Dualistic thinking/ Dualism
“black and white” thinking; “right or wrong”

Question 6

Ed Neukrug challenges dualistic thinking with which theory that describes individuals as being able see beyond “black and white”/ dualistic thinking.

a. relativistic thinking
b. dualistic thinking
c. cognitive thinking
d. unconscious thinking

Answer 6

Relativistic thinking

Question 7

Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from 1-4 no matter cultural or background differences is:

a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor
b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations

Answer 7

c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

Question 8

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as

a. he utilized the t test too frequently
b. he failed to check for Type I or alpha errors
c. he worked primarily with minority children
d. his findings were often derived from observing his on children

Answer 8

d. his findings were often derived from observing is own children

Question 9

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a smaller squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered …

a. symbolic schema
b. conservation
c. androgynous psychosocial issues
d. trust v. mistrust

Answer 9

b. Conservation (concrete operations age 7-11 yrs)
notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if the shape changes
* Conservation and Counting = Concrete Operations.

Question 10

A ___ is merely a system which permits a child to test things out in the physical world.

a. personality
b. ego
c. schema
d. andros

Answer 10

c. schema

Question 11

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to …

a. volume or mass
b. defenses of ego
c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage
d. a specific psychosexual stage of life

Answer 11

a. volume or mass
conservation is an understanding that volume, weight, or mass does not change when redistributed

Question 12

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
a. formal operations - 12 yrs+
b. concrete observations - age 7-11 yrs
c. preoperations - 2-7 yrs
d. sensorimotor intelligence - birth - 2yrs

Answer 12

b. concrete operations
(Conservation + Counting = Concrete)

Question 13

___expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development

a. Erik Erikson
b. Lev Vygotsky
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
d. John B. Watson

Answer 13

c. Lawrence Kohlberg

Kohlberg - leading theorist in MORAL development
Epigenetic in nature - each stage emerges from the one before
*Erikson and Maslow also epigenetic in nature

Question 14

This theorist strongly disagreed with Piaget’s idea that stages of development occur naturally. Instead they insist that the stages unfold due to educational intervention (social learning).

a. Erik Erikson
b. Lev Vygotsky
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
d. John B. Watson

Answer 14

b. Lev Vygotsky

Question 15

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operation thought. This notion suggests…

a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift.
b. the child is ambidextrous.
c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.

Answer 15

d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape

Question 16

During a thunderstorm, a 6 yr old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” is an example of:

a. egocentricism
b. conservation.
c. centrism
d. abstract thought.

Answer 16

a. egocentricm
conveys the fact that a child cannot view the world from the perspective of someone else/ outside of their experience.

Question 17

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

a. a single level of morality.
b. two levels of morality
c. three levels of morality
d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality

Answer 17

c. 3 levels of morality

1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. postconventional

each stage is broken down into 2 stages

Question 17

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as

a. a brick to a house
b. Freud to Jung
c. the Mennings clinic is to biofeedback
d. a typing test to the level of typing skill mastered

Answer 17

d. a typing test to the level of typing skill mastered

Question 17

The term “identity crisis” comes from the work of:

a. counselors who stress RS (religious and spiritual) involvement issues with clients
b. Erikson
C. Adler
d. Jung

Answer 17

Erikson

Question 18

This counseling theory developed by Martin Seligman is rooted in RS factors studies the individual’s human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom.

a. Adlerian therapy
b. existential psychology
c. feminist therapy
d. positive psychology

Answer 18

d. positive psychology
term coined by Abraham Maslow

Question 19

Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
b. formal, preformal, self-accepted.
c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed.
d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.

Answer 19

a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional
*believed most people do not reach postconventional

Question 20

Place the following childhood stages of development in order according to Erikson’s 8 stages of human development.

Initiative v. Guilt
Trust v. Mistrust
Industry v. Inferiority
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

Answer 20

Trust v. Mistrust (infancy)
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (toddler)
Initiative v. Guilt (preschool)
Industry v. Inferiority (early childhood; 6-11)

Question 21

The underlying key principles of Erikson’s 8 stages of development are

A. Shame and Doubt
B. Identity and Connectedness
C. Intimacy and Generativity
D. Independence and Industry

Answer 21

B. Identity and Connectedness are foundational principles of Erikson’s 8 stages of development.

Question 22

According to Erikson, in children of school age (6-11 yrs), identity is tied to mastery of what we can learn, including connectedness and belonging

T or F

Answer 22

T- in the 4th stage, school age children (6-11 yrs) face the crisis of industry and inferiority which includes the mastery of skills and connectedness with peers

Question 23

According to Erikson, generativity is only achieved with parenthood. T or F

Answer 23

F - generativity includes generating benefit for society and furthering the next generations in some meaningful way

Question 24

Place the final 4 stages of Erikson’s theory of development in order. Intimacy v. Isolation Ego Integrity v. Despair Identity v. Role Confusion Generativity v. Stagnation

Answer 24

Identity v. Role Confusion confusion (adolescence 12-19) Intimacy v. Isolation (youn adulthood 19-40) Generativity v. Stagnation (40-65) Ego Integrity v. Despair (mature, 65+)

Question 25

A child with avoidant attachment is most likely to A. Easily make and maintain friendships with peers B. Display behavioral issues in school C. Develop depression or a mood disorder in childhood or adolescence D. Have a healthy, strong bond with their primary caregiver

Answer 25

C. Develop depression or a mood disorder due to avoidant tendencies, isolation, and a lack of bond with a primary caregiver

Question 26

Attachment style as a baby is thought to impact future relationships, which of the following is most likely? A. The individual will adopt a different attachment style as a parent B. The individual will shift into a different attachment style as they age C. The individual will change attachment styles frequently throughout life D. The individual will display similar attachment style throughout life

Answer 26

D. Attachment style is typically consistent throughout the lifespan, but they CAN change.

Question 27

Success in resolving the crisis of Trust v. Mistrust can be described as feeling secure in trusting that an adult will care for the individual reliably. This crisis is addressed at which stage of Erikson’s stages of human development? A. Early childhood B. Infancy C. Adolescence D. Maturity

Answer 27

B. Infancy

Question 28

According to Erikson, early childhood centers around which crisis? A. Industry v. Inferiority B. Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt C. Generativity v. Stagnation D. Identity v. Role Confusion

Answer 28

A. Industry v. Inferiority (age 6-11) Comparison of self to peers

Question 29

Preschool age children begin asserting control or power to manipulate their environment. According to Erikson, this crisis is identified as A. Identity v. Role confusion B. Integrity v. Despair C. Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt D. Initiative v. Guilt

Answer 29

C. Initiative v. Guilt Preschool age children try to meet needs/ solve problems without seeking help from parents. They are exploring gender roles. They must answer the question”Am I good or bad”?

Question 30

Vicarious reinforcement can best be described as A. a negative or adverse affect based on a response to a stimuli B. a positive or learned affect caused by responses that increase the likelihood of responding in the same way the next time the stimulus is encountered C. strictly behavioristic D. Indirect learned reinforcement through observation rather than direct experience

Answer 30

D. Vicarious reinforcement is a social learning theory developed by Bandura that posits learning is based on expectation or belief of contingency, not direct past experiences

Question 31

Bandura’s self-efficacy model is described as A. an element of traditional learning theory B. an individual’s belief that they can cause on effect/ impact their environment C. the influence the environment has on an individual D. reinforcement through the observation of other’s actions/ experiences

Answer 31

B. Self-efficacyTheory is based on an individual’s belief that they can cause on effect/ impact their environment.

Question 32

Bandura’s theory that the environment influences the individual AND the individual chooses/ changes their environment. A. Reciprocal Determinism B. Aquisition C. Self-efficacy D. Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 32

A. Bandura’s theory that the environment influences the individual AND the individual chooses/ changes their environment is known as Reciprocal Determinism.

Question 33

Someone who has high self-efficacy may practice something they believe they are good at and development skills necessary to succeed; someone who has low self-efficacy believes they are not qualified for a job and is unable to point to selling points in their interview, they do not get the job. This phenomenon is known as as A. Reciprocal Determinism B. Principle of aquisition and performance C. Self-fulfilling prophecy D. Positive and Negative reinforcement

Answer 33

C. This principle is a component of Bandura’s self-efficacy theory; what we believe will happen will happen

Question 34

Learning theory is most closely related to A. Psychoanalytic theory B. Behavioral theory C. Organismic model D. Cognitive theory

Answer 34

B. Learning theory comes from Behavioral theory; external/ environmental influences on learning. Social learning theory eventual emerged as the precursor of cognitive models, blending both environmental and intrinsic mechanisms of learning.