Human Growth and Development

Question 1

One family structure on the rise in the US (fastest growing)

Answer 1

Multigenerational family

Question 2

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
(Structuralist-changes are qualitative)

Answer 2

1. Sensorimotor
2. Pre-operational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational

Question 3

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage (1)

Answer 3

-Reflexes (biggest role)

-Begins to develop object permanence and representational thought

-The schema (mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs here

Question 4

Schema

Answer 4

Mental representation of the real world

Question 5

Piaget Formal Operational Stage (4)

Answer 5

Abstract thinking and problem solving via deduction

Question 6

Piaget Concrete Operational Stage (3)

Answer 6

Ages 6-11

Develop capacity of conservation (object permanence-physical stays the same even if visually changed))
AND
Reversibility (one can undo an action)
Object can return to an initial shape/ability to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse

Question 7

Piaget Pre-operational Stage (2)

Answer 7

Early childhood

Dual representation-something can be an object and a symbol.

Symbolic schema-milk carton=spaceship

Animism: nonliving objects have human abilities

Egocentrism: child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else

Centration: focusing on a key feature of a given object/situation while ignoring the rest

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

The withdrawal of reinforcement until the conditioned response no longer occurs

Question 9

Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development

Answer 9

Pre-conventional:
1. Punishment and Obedience Orientation
obey or be punished
2. Hedonistic and Instrumental Orientation
must obey to get rewarded

Conventional:
3. Interpersonal Acceptance Orientation
want to conform/follow the rules to get
approval
4. Law and Order Orientation
must obey to conform to authority

Post-conventional:
5. Social Contracts Exists/rules are relative
6. Universal ethical principals in chosen orientation
may or may not follow rules depending on
personal beliefs about morality

Question 10

Negative reinforcement

Answer 10

Involves the taking away of something undesirable so the behavior is INCREASED.

Question 11

Albert Bandura

Answer 11

Observational learning happens primarily through cognition

Modeling

Bobo doll study (kids treat toy aggressively after it was modeled to them)

Question 12

Object Relations Theory (Freudian psychoanalytical concept)

Answer 12

1. Fusion with mother
2. Symbiosis with mother
3. Separation/individuation
4. Constancy of self and object

*Progressing through consecutive stages gives child a secure base for later development by engendering trust in the child that its needs will be met

Question 13

Zone of proximal development (Vgotsky)

Answer 13

Describes difference between a child’s performance without a teacher vs. what they are capable of WITH a teacher

Question 14

Regression

Answer 14

Individual is returning to the behavior of an earlier stage in life (teenager crying for attention)

Question 15

Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Maturation
(Psychosocial)

**Only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span

Answer 15

1. trust vs mistrust
2. autonomy vs shame and doubt
3. initiative vs guilt (self-confidence)
4. industry vs inferiority (pride/accomplishment)
5. identity vs confusion (picture of future)
6. intimacy vs isolation (safe loving relationship)
7. generatively vs stagnation (midlife)
8. integrity vs despair (65+/pride in achievement)

*identity crisis

Question 16

Roe Conceptualization of Personality

Answer 16

Focus on parent/child interactions

1.emotional concentration on the child (overprotection)

2. avoidance of the child (neglect)
3. acceptance of the child (loving)

Question 17

Piaget Assimilation and Accommodation

Answer 17

Assimilation=process of putting info into previous schemata

Accommodation=process of changing schemata to fit in new information

Question 18

Piaget Stages of Moral Development

Answer 18

1. Premoral (preschool)
   -Child is unconcerned about rules; makes up their own
2. Heteronomous morality (5yr-9yr)
   -rules determined by authority-must be obeyed. Violations always punished
3. Autonomous morality (9yrs-12yrs)
   -social rules=arbitrary and promote cooperation, equality, and reciprocity; they serve justice. Rules can be changed by agreement or violated for a higher purpose

*** 10 and under-wrong doings judged by amount of damage rather than intention

Question 19

Psychodynamic theories

Answer 19

Freud

Focus on unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients

Question 20

Ego psychologists

Answer 20

Erikson

Believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior

Ego=logical and reasonable

Question 21

Freud Stages of Development

Answer 21

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital

Question 22

Conservation (Piaget)

Answer 22

Refers to the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape

Child masters during CONCRETE OPERATIONAL stage (also counting-c-c-c)

Question 23

Heinz dilemma (Kohlberg)

Answer 23

Used to assess the level and stage of moral development

Overpriced cancer drug-husband steals drug

Individual’s REASON for decisions

Question 24

Bowlby

Answer 24

Bonding and attachment

To have a normal social life a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3

Bond severed=object loss which leads to abnormal behavior

Object=target of one’s love

Question 24

Maturation hypothesis/theory

Answer 24

Behavior guided by hereditary factors BUT certain behaviors will not manifest until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment Neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for behavior to unfold Counselor strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives Freud and Erikson could be classified as maturationists

Question 25

Harry Harlow

Answer 25

Known for work with maternal deprivation and isolation in monkeys Attachment=innate tendency NOT learned Contact/comfort more important than milk

Question 26

cephalocaudal

Answer 26

development=head to foot

Question 27

Visual cliff (Gibson)

Answer 27

Research of depth perception in children utilizing a glass sheet to simulate a drop-off. At 6 months most infants will not attempt to cross. Depth perception=inherent

Question 28

Empiricism/associationism

Answer 28

Development consists of quantitative changes and can be measured Can only learn from objective facts Experience=source for acquiring knowledge Forerunner of behaviorism

Question 29

Ethology (Lorenz)

Answer 29

Developed by zoologists trying to explain behavior using Darwinian theory Today=field research utilizing animals Lorenz=imprinting/ critical periods (certain behaviors must be learned at an early time in development otherwise not learned at all

Question 30

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 30

"Humanistic psychology" 1. Immediate/basic needs (food and water) 2. Safety and security 3. Need for love, affection, and belonging 4. Self-actualization (The person becomes all they can be) Higher order needs=metaneeds