Human Growth & Development Flashcards
(26 cards)
List the Eriksons 8 Stages in order
Trust Vs. Mistrust Autonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt Initiative Vs. Guilt Industry Vs. Inferiority Identity Vs. Role Confusion Intimacy Vs. Isolation Generativity Vs. Stagnation Ego Integrity Vs. Despair
Age: Birth to 1 year
(+) trust develops and the child gains confidence and security even when threatened
(-) results in an inability to trust and a sense of fear about the inconsistent world
Trust Vs. Mistrust
Age: 1-3
(+) when children are encouraged and supported in their independence they become more confident and secure in their ability to survive
(-) if overly controlled or criticized they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive resulting in becoming overly dependent thus lacking self-esteem and a feeling of shame and doubt.
Autonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt
Age: 3-6
(+) if given the opportunity to assert themselves they develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions.
(-) if opportunity is squelched through control/criticism children develop guilt, feel like a nuisance to others and remain followers and lack initiative.
Initiative Vs. Guilt
Age: 6-Puberty
(+) if children are encouraged/reinforced for their initiative they begin to feel confident in their ability to achieve goals.
(-) if not encouraged but instead restricted they begin to feel inferior, doubt their abilities and fail to reach their potential.
Industry Vs. Inferiority
Age: Adolescence
(+) explore possibilities and begin to form own identity based upon the outcome of their exploration
(-) if hindered it can result in confusion about themselves and their role in the world.
Identity Vs. Role Confusion
Age: Young Adulthood
(+) leads to comfortable relationships/sense of commitment, safety and care
(-) Avoiding intimacy/fearing commitment can lead to isolation, loneliness and depression
Intimacy Vs. Isolation
Age: Middle Adulthood
(+) establish careers, settle down with relationships, begin families and develop a sense of being part of the bigger picture
(-) failing to achieve these objectives results in feeling stagnant and unproductive.
Generativity Vs. Stagnation
Age: Elder
(+) Contemplative accomplishments and develop a sense of integrity if satisfied with their progression of life
(-) if unsatisfied with their lack of goals being reached they become dissatisfied with life and develop despair leading to depression/hopelessness
Ego Integrity Vs. Despair
Respondent Behavior
Involuntary behavior, anxiety, sexual response, automatically elicited by certain behaviors.
Operant Behavior
Voluntary behavior, walking, talking, that is controlled by its consequences in the environment.
increases probability that behavior will occur-praising, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Behavior increases because a negative stimulus is removed (E.g., Kids don’t get dessert for not eating vegetables, eat vegetables more often)
Negative Reinforcement
presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (e.g., Kid gets scolded for not eating vegetables, kid leaves vegetable suntouched less often)
Positive Punishment
Removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e., removing something positive, kid grounded from computer because they didn’t study)
Negative Punishment
Any treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or a behavior by repeated pairing of it with aversive stimuli. (e.g., treating alcoholism with antabuse- a medication that creates an unpleasant reaction when alcohol is consumed)
Aversion Therapy
Behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscular tension. Often used for ADHD and Anxiety Disorders. (breathing circle at Todd’s Office)
Biofeedback
Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease. (e.g., child drops toy on the ground to get parents attention, parent should stop picking it up and providing attention for the behavior, child will eventually stop dropping the toy.)
Extinction
A treatment procedure in which a client’s anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli. (e.g., being put in a room with a dog and asked to touch it right away rather than exposing slowly)
Flooding
Pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety, from least to most anxiety provoking situations; takes place in “real” setting. (Driving anxiety, sit in the car in driveway, sit in car with it on, sit in car, turn on drive down the road, etc)
In Vivo Desensitization
Method of instruction that involves an individual (the model) demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by a client.
Modeling
A cognitively oriented therapy in which a social worker seeks to change a client’s irrational beliefs by argument, persuasian, and rational reevaluation and by teaching a client to counter self-defeating thinking with new, non distressing self-statements. (e.g., stuck points, activating event, beliefs, consequences, disrupting irrational belief, new belief)
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
Method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
Shaping
An anxiety-inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response. Anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation-producing response so that eventually an anxiety producing stimulus produces a relaxation response. At each step a client’s reaction of fear or dread is overcome by pleasant feelings engendered as the new behavior is reinforced by receiving a reward. The reward could be a compliment, a gift or relaxation. (first imagine a spider, gradually increases stimulus while paired with relaxation)
Systematic Desensitization
