Human Growth & Development QBV Flashcards

Question

What is the term used to describe the group of people who care for both their aging parents and their own children? A) Baby boomer generation B) Middle-aged parents C) Sandwich generation D) Caregiver generation

Answer 1

C) Sandwich generation Rationale: The "sandwich generation" refers to middle-aged adults who are responsible for caring for both their children and their aging parents simultaneously.

Answer 2

C) Calcium Rationale: Calcium is essential during middle adulthood to maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis, especially in women after menopause.

Answer 3

C) Thickening of heart valves Rationale: In older adults, heart valves tend to thicken and become more rigid, which can affect cardiovascular function.

Answer 4

B) Shingles (zoster) vaccine Rationale: The shingles (zoster) vaccine is recommended for adults over 50 to prevent shingles and its complications.

Answer 5

B) Social isolation and loss of appetite Rationale: Older adults may experience poor nutrition due to social isolation, loss of appetite, or difficulty in preparing meals, which can lead to malnutrition.

Answer 6

B) Risk of dental decay and gum disease Rationale: Reduced saliva production in older adults increases the risk of dental decay and gum disease, as saliva helps protect teeth and gums.

Answer 7

C) 76.1 years Rationale: The average life expectancy in the United States is 76.1 years, according to recent data.

Answer 8

C) Wrinkling and thinning of the skin Rationale: As people age, their skin loses elasticity, becomes thinner, and wrinkles due to the loss of collagen and subcutaneous fat.

Answer 9

C) Newborn stage Rationale: Infants begin to form attachment relationships with their caregivers during the newborn stage, which is crucial for their social and emotional development.

Answer 10

C) Proximodorsal principle Rationale: The proximodorsal principle explains that human development progresses from the center of the body outward, with development occurring in a specific order.

Answer 11

B) Rooting reflex Rationale: The rooting reflex helps newborns find food by turning toward a stimulus and beginning to suckle when their cheek is stroked.

Answer 12

B) Babinski reflex Rationale: The Babinski reflex is elicited by stroking the sole of an infant’s foot, resulting in the toes fanning outward, which is a normal response in infants.

Answer 13

A) Synaptic pruning Rationale: Synaptic pruning is the process during adolescence where unused brain pathways are eliminated to make the brain more efficient.

Answer 14

C) Calcium and Vitamin D Rationale: Calcium and Vitamin D are essential for older adults to maintain bone health and prevent osteoporosis.

Answer 15

C) Logical thinking and impulse control Rationale: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for logical thinking, decision-making, and impulse control, which all improve as it matures during adolescence.

Answer 16

C) Weakened immune system and susceptibility to infections Rationale: As adults age, their immune system weakens, making them more susceptible to infections, which is why maintaining immunization schedules is important.

Answer 17

A) Learning to walk independently Rationale: A key milestone during toddlerhood is learning to walk independently, along with the development of other gross motor skills.

Answer 18

C) Associative play Rationale: Associative play, where preschoolers interact with one another without formal rules, is common during this stage, reflecting their growing social skills.

Answer 19

B) Developing a sense of identity and independence Rationale: During adolescence, individuals develop a stronger sense of identity and independence, often spending more time with peers than with family.

Answer 20

B) Thickening of heart valves and decreased elasticity of blood vessels Rationale: Middle adulthood often involves the thickening of heart valves and decreased elasticity of blood vessels, contributing to higher blood pressure and reduced cardiac efficiency.

Answer 21

D) 3 years Rationale: By the end of toddlerhood, around 3 years of age, children develop the ability to climb, run, and jump as their gross motor skills become more refined.

Answer 22

B) Simple to Complex principle Human development evolves in an orderly fashion from simple to complex. Infants accomplish head control before they are able to crawl.

Answer 23

periods of growth spurts and periods of slow and steady growth.

Answer 24

A) General to Specific

Answer 25

C) 2 weeks The zygote period begins with conception and lasts approximately 2 weeks.

Answer 26

B) The 3rd and 8th week Usually begins the third week after conception and lasts until the end of the eighth week during which body structures and internal organs develop.

Answer 27

B) The 9th and 40th week This is the last stage of prenatal development. It begins at the ninth week and ends at birth.

Answer 28

From Birth to 28 days

Answer 29

At one minute and five minutes after birth, the newborn is assessed and assigned scores based on color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiration. Each trait is scored as 0, 1, or 2, with these subscores then added together to yield the overall Apgar score.

Answer 30

C) Six soft bones separated by sutures Rationale: A newborn's skull consists of six soft bones that are separated by bands of cartilage called sutures, allowing for flexibility during birth and brain growth.

Answer 31

C) Soft spots at the anterior and posterior of the skull Rationale: Fontanels are the soft spots on a newborn's skull, allowing for growth of the brain and easy passage through the birth canal.

Answer 32

B) Fine hair that covers the newborn and disappears after birth Rationale: Lanugo is the fine hair covering the newborn, which typically disappears a few days after birth.

Answer 33

C) To protect the skin during pregnancy Rationale: Vernix caseosa is a white, cheese-like substance that protects the newborn's skin from the amniotic fluid during pregnancy.

Answer 34

C) Moro reflex Rationale: The Moro reflex occurs when a newborn experiences a sudden movement or loud noise, causing them to startle, extend their arms and legs, then pull them inward.

Answer 35

A) Tonic neck reflex Rationale: The tonic neck reflex is observed when a newborn's head is turned to one side, causing the arm and leg on that side to extend, resembling a "fencer's" position.

Answer 36

C) Sucking reflex Rationale: The sucking reflex is triggered when an object touches the newborn's mouth, causing the infant to suckle, an important reflex for feeding.

Answer 37

B) Grasping reflex Rationale: The grasping reflex occurs when an object touches the newborn's palm, causing the infant to close their hand around it.

Answer 38

B) Due to an immature temperature-regulating mechanism and heat loss Rationale: A newborn’s temperature may be lower because they are adjusting to life outside the uterus, and their temperature-regulating mechanisms are not yet fully developed.

Answer 39

C) 30 to 60 breaths per minute Rationale: The normal respiratory rate for a newborn ranges between 30 and 60 breaths per minute, which should be counted for a full minute to assess accuracy.

Answer 40

D) 110 to 160 beats per minute Rationale: A newborn’s apical pulse typically ranges from 110 to 160 beats per minute and should be counted for a full minute to assess heart function accurately.

Answer 41

B) 60 to 80 mm Hg systolic and 40 to 50 mm Hg diastolic Rationale: The average blood pressure for a newborn is 60 to 80 mm Hg systolic and 40 to 50 mm Hg diastolic.

Answer 42

C) 12 hours per day Rationale: By the end of the first year, infants typically require about 12 hours of sleep per day, including naps.

Answer 43

B) 6 months Rationale: Deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth, usually begin to emerge around 6 months of age.

Answer 44

B) Their behaviors reflect complex brain development enhanced by stimulation and communication Rationale: During the first year, brain development is rapid, and infants' behaviors, such as exploring their environment and interacting with caregivers, reflect this growth.

Answer 45

B) They foster family interaction and socialization Rationale: Consistent mealtime routines help toddlers develop social skills and foster interaction with family members, promoting healthy eating habits.

Answer 46

C) 10 to 12 hours Rationale: Toddlers generally require 10 to 12 hours of sleep at night, along with 1 to 2 hours of nap time during the day.

Answer 47

C) Pulling up to a standing position and walking while holding onto furniture Rationale: By the end of the first year, many infants can pull themselves up to a standing position and walk while holding onto furniture.

Answer 48

B) Temper tantrums Rationale: Toddlers often react to frustration with temper tantrums as their emotional regulation and problem-solving skills are still developing.

Answer 49

A) Talking with them, describing objects, and reading aloud Rationale: Talking with toddlers, describing objects, and reading aloud are effective methods for enhancing language development during toddlerhood.

Answer 50

B) Picking up small objects Rationale: By age 2, toddlers develop the fine motor skills needed to handle small objects and can often build towers using blocks.

Answer 51

B) Understand 200 words, use 50 words Rationale: By age 2, toddlers can typically use around 50 words and understand at least 200 words, reflecting the rapid development of language skills during this period.

Answer 52

B) To describe how individuals and their environments interact to influence development Rationale: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory emphasizes how interactions between individuals and their environments affect human development.

Answer 53

B) A significant achievement that most individuals reach during a particular age range Rationale: Developmental milestones represent key skills or abilities that most people achieve within a certain age range, such as walking or talking.

Answer 54

B) It incorporates biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, while the biomedical model focuses on biological factors alone Rationale: The biopsychosocial model provides a more comprehensive understanding of human development by considering the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, unlike the narrower biomedical model.

Answer 55

B) The interaction of internal systems and external contexts like family and society Rationale: The bioecological model, an extension of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, emphasizes the interaction between internal systems (like biology) and external contexts (such as society and family) in shaping development.

Answer 56

C) Development of the child’s libido and erogenous zones Rationale: Freud’s theory of psychosexual development focuses on the development of the libido and the child’s relationship with different erogenous zones at each stage.

Answer 57

C) Anus Rationale: During the anal stage (18 months to 3 years), the focus is on the anus, and the primary task is toilet training and control over elimination.

Answer 58

B) Weaning from breastfeeding Rationale: The oral stage, which occurs from birth to 18 months, is centered around the mouth, and the main developmental task is weaning from breastfeeding or bottle-feeding.

Answer 59

B) Resolving the Oedipus or Electra complex Rationale: The phallic stage, which occurs between ages 3 to 6, involves the Oedipus or Electra complex, where children feel unconscious sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

Answer 60

B) Development of defense mechanisms Rationale: The latency stage (ages 6 to 12) is a period of relative calm in terms of sexual development, during which children focus on developing defense mechanisms and building social and academic skills.

Answer 61

B) Genital stage Rationale: The genital stage begins at 12 years of age and continues into adulthood, focusing on reaching sexual maturity and establishing healthy sexual relationships.

Answer 62

C) Fixation, which may lead to personality problems Rationale: Freud believed that failure to resolve conflicts during a psychosexual stage can lead to fixation, resulting in unresolved issues that affect adult personality.

Answer 63

C) Oral stage Rationale: The oral stage, from birth to 18 months, focuses on the mouth, lips, and tongue as the primary sources of pleasure, with feeding being the central activity.

Answer 64

B) Reaching sexual maturity Rationale: The genital stage, which begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood, is focused on reaching sexual maturity and forming healthy, mature relationships.

Answer 65

A) Birth to 18 months

Answer 66

A) Birth to 18 months B) 12 years to adulthood C) 18 months to 3 years D) 6 to 12 years

Answer 67

C) 18 months to 3 years

Answer 68

A) 6 to 12 years B) 12 years to adulthood C) 18 months to 3 years D) 6 months to 1 year

Answer 69

D) 3 to 6 years

Answer 70

C) Resolution of crises at different life stages Rationale: Erikson’s theory focuses on the resolution of psychosocial crises that occur at various stages of life, leading to either positive development or difficulties.

Answer 71

B) Gaining control over bodily functions and making simple choices Rationale: During toddlerhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt), children gain independence and autonomy by controlling bodily functions and making simple decisions

Answer 72

B) Preschool Rationale: The initiative vs. guilt stage occurs during the preschool years, when children begin to assert themselves and take initiative in exploring their environment.

Answer 73

B) Infancy Rationale: The crisis of trust vs. mistrust occurs in infancy when the infant's basic needs must be met consistently by caregivers to develop trust in the world.

Answer 74

B) Achieving a sense of competence by learning new skills Rationale: In the industry vs. inferiority stage (childhood), the key task is to achieve a sense of competence by learning new skills and being productive in activities.

Answer 75

C) Early adulthood Rationale: In early adulthood, individuals face the crisis of intimacy vs. isolation, where they seek to form close, committed relationships with others.

Answer 76

C) Identity vs. role confusion Rationale: During adolescence, the primary psychosocial task is to form a stable identity, which is the focus of the crisis of identity vs. role confusion.

Answer 77

C) Contributing to society and guiding the next generation Rationale: Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) involves contributing to society through productive work, family, and community involvement.

Answer 78

A) Reflect on their life to achieve a sense of fulfillment or regret Rationale: The integrity vs. despair stage occurs in late adulthood when individuals reflect on their lives and either achieve a sense of integrity or feel regret and despair.

Answer 79

C) Hope and faith in the world Rationale: Successfully resolving the crisis of trust vs. mistrust in infancy leads to the development of hope, faith, and a basic trust in the world.

Answer 80

B) They develop a sense of autonomy and self-confidence Rationale: Successfully navigating the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage (toddlerhood) leads to the development of autonomy, self-confidence, and independence.

Answer 81

B) Isolation and loneliness Rationale: Failure to form close, meaningful relationships during the intimacy vs. isolation stage (early adulthood) can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Answer 82

Column A Trust vs Mistrust - Infancy Integrity vs Despair - Late adulthood Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - Toddlerhood Generativity vs Stagnation - Middle adulthood Initiative vs Guilt - Preschool Intimacy vs Isolation - Early childhood Industry vs Inferiority - Childhood Identity vs Role confusion - Adolescence

Answer 83

C) Resolution of crises at different life stages Rationale: Erikson’s theory focuses on the resolution of psychosocial crises that occur at various stages of life, leading to either positive development or difficulties.

Answer 84

Answer: A) Sensorimotor Rationale: Object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, develops during the Sensorimotor stage (0 to 2 years). This is a key milestone in the cognitive development of infants

Answer 85

C) Sensorimotor Rationale: Separation anxiety, which often begins around 6 to 9 months, is closely tied to the development of object permanence in the Sensorimotor stage, as the child realizes that their caregiver exists even when out of view

Answer 86

B) Preoperational Rationale: In the Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years), children start to use symbols and language to represent objects but are not yet able to think logically or perform operations like addition and subtraction.

Answer 87

C) Ability to perform mathematical operations Rationale: During the Concrete Operational stage (7 to 12 years), children develop logical thinking about concrete objects. This includes the ability to perform mathematical operations such as addition and subtraction and understanding concepts like reversibility and spatial relationships.

Answer 88

C) Reason abstractly and test hypotheses Rationale: The Formal Operational stage (12 years to adulthood) is marked by the ability to reason abstractly, think hypothetically, and engage in complex problem-solving by testing hypotheses, demonstrating cognitive maturity.

Answer 89

B) Conservation Rationale: Conservation, the understanding that quantity remains the same even when its shape changes, is a key development in the Concrete Operational stage. This shows that the child can think logically about physical objects.

Answer 90

C) Abstract reasoning Rationale: Abstract reasoning, including the ability to think about hypothetical and complex concepts, is characteristic of the Formal Operational stage, which typically begins around 12 years of age.

Answer 91

B) Preoperational Rationale: The Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years) is marked by symbolic play, where children use objects, words, or images to represent things that are not present, though they do not yet engage in logical reasoning.

Answer 92

C) Concrete operational Rationale: Reversibility, the ability to mentally reverse actions, is a hallmark of the Concrete Operational stage (7 to 12 years). Children in this stage can understand that the quantity of water remains constant, even when its appearance changes.

Answer 93

Answer: C) Concrete operational Rationale: The ability to classify objects, a sign of logical thinking, emerges in the Concrete Operational stage. Children at this stage can organize objects by specific characteristics such as color, shape, or size.

Answer 94

B) Avoid punishment or gain personal rewards Rationale: In the Preconventional level (ages 4 to 10), children obey rules either to avoid punishment (Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience) or to gain personal benefits (Stage 2: Instrumental Relativism).

Answer 95

B) Punishment and obedience Rationale: In the Punishment and Obedience stage, which falls under Preconventional reasoning, children obey rules to avoid negative consequences such as punishment.

Answer 96

B) Law and order Rationale: The Law and Order stage, which is part of Conventional reasoning, is marked by a focus on maintaining social order by following rules and laws, typically starting around 10 years of age and into adulthood.

Answer 97

C) Social contract Rationale: In the Social Contract stage, individuals begin to question and challenge laws or rules that they believe infringe upon the rights of others, reflecting the advanced moral reasoning of the Postconventional level.

Answer 98

B) Good boy—nice girl Rationale: The Good Boy—Nice Girl stage, within Conventional reasoning, involves following rules to gain acceptance and approval from others. This stage is common in children aged 10 to 13 years.

Answer 99

C) Universal ethical principles Rationale: In the Universal Ethical Principles stage, individuals develop their own moral guidelines based on justice and human rights, even if it conflicts with societal laws. This is a part of Postconventional reasoning.

Answer 100

C) To gain rewards or personal benefit Rationale: In the Instrumental Relativism stage of Preconventional reasoning, individuals obey rules to gain personal benefit, such as rewards, rather than because of moral or social principles.

Answer 101

B) Social contract Rationale: In the Social Contract stage of Postconventional reasoning, individuals may question or reject laws that infringe upon human rights, showing advanced moral reasoning beyond mere adherence to societal rules.

Answer 102

B) Conventional Rationale: In the Conventional level, individuals follow rules to gain acceptance and approval from others, particularly in the Good Boy—Nice Girl stage. This focus on social conformity begins around 10 years old.

Answer 103

D) Applying personal moral principles, even if they conflict with laws Rationale: In the Universal Ethical Principles stage, individuals act according to self-chosen ethical principles that may override laws or social rules if they believe those laws are unjust. This is the most advanced form of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory.

Answer 104

b) Prenatal period, infancy through toddlerhood, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, late adulthood Rationale: These stages represent the major phases of human development from conception to the end of life. Nurses must understand the unique physiological, emotional, and psychosocial needs of clients at each stage to provide appropriate care.

Answer 105

b) Detecting and identifying pregnant women at risk for complications, providing health promotion and education Rationale: Nurses play a vital role in prenatal care by identifying risks, educating pregnant women on health practices, and ensuring optimal development of the fetus to reduce complications during and after birth.

Answer 106

b) A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, detected via screening tests like blood tests and ultrasound Rationale: Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder, and screening tests such as blood tests and ultrasounds during pregnancy help detect markers indicating the condition.

Answer 107

c) High muscle tone Rationale: Infants with Down syndrome usually have low muscle tone (hypotonia), not high muscle tone. Other characteristics include intellectual disabilities and physical traits like distinct facial features.

Answer 108

b) Educating the family on proper nutrition, screening for other health issues, and emotional support Rationale: Nurses provide holistic care for families, which includes education about the child’s condition, support with proper nutrition, and screening for common health issues like vision or hearing problems.

Answer 109

b) A neural tube defect that can be prevented by adequate intake of folic acid Rationale: Spina bifida is a neural tube defect that occurs when the neural tube does not close properly. Adequate intake of folic acid by the mother during pregnancy can significantly reduce the risk of this condition.

Answer 110

a) Performing sterile dressing changes and keeping the infant in a prone position Rationale: Infants with spina bifida need sterile dressing changes to prevent infection, and keeping them in a prone position prevents pressure on the neural sac and reduces the risk of further complications.

Answer 111

b) Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy Rationale: FASDs occur when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, which passes through the placenta and affects fetal development, leading to a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral problems.

Answer 112

d) Increased growth rate Rationale: Children with fetal alcohol syndrome often experience growth deficiencies, not increased growth rates. Other common features include heart defects and behavioral issues like hyperactivity.

Answer 113

b) Stop drinking alcohol entirely during pregnancy Rationale: No amount of alcohol is considered safe during pregnancy. Complete abstinence from alcohol is the only way to prevent FASDs.

Answer 114

A Rationale: Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, which affects both physical and cognitive development. It is often detected prenatally through screenings, and while there is no cure, early interventions can improve quality of life.

Answer 115

B Rationale: Spina bifida, a neural tube defect, can largely be prevented by ensuring that pregnant women consume 400 mcg of folic acid daily. This nutrient supports proper neural tube closure during fetal development.

Answer 116

B Rationale: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically struggle with communication, social interaction, and often display repetitive behaviors. While each child with ASD presents differently, these challenges are key characteristics of the disorder.

Answer 117

B Rationale: Preventing infection is a priority for a newborn with spina bifida. The neural tube defect may leave the spinal cord exposed, so maintaining sterile dressings and protecting the area is essential.

Answer 118

B Rationale: Primary prevention of childhood obesity focuses on educating families about healthy food choices and promoting regular physical activity. Encouraging balanced nutrition and exercise habits early can prevent long-term health complications.

Answer 119

C Rationale: During adolescence, the prefrontal cortex, responsible for judgment and decision-making, is still maturing, making adolescents more prone to risk-taking behaviors, including experimenting with substances.

Answer 120

B Rationale: Osteoporosis is commonly caused by the loss of bone density in women after menopause due to decreased estrogen levels. This makes bones more brittle and prone to fractures.

Answer 121

C Rationale: The AHA recommends focusing on seven goals, including maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, not smoking, managing blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels, and having routine screenings. These preventive measures significantly reduce the risk of heart disease.

Answer 122

C Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease affects cognitive functions such as memory, reasoning, and orientation, but it does not increase physical coordination. Instead, physical abilities usually decline as the disease progresses.

Answer 123

B Rationale: Early detection and treatment help reduce the risk of long-term complications like heart disease, kidney disease, neuropathy, and vision loss. While Type 2 diabetes cannot be reversed, it can be managed with lifestyle changes and medication.

Answer 124

C Rationale: Proper asthma management includes educating families about environmental triggers, how to use nebulizers or inhalers correctly, and recognizing early signs of asthma attacks. Physical activity is still encouraged with proper management.

Answer 125

C Rationale: Failure to thrive is often due to undernourishment, where the child does not consume enough calories to support growth. It may be related to feeding difficulties, developmental delays, or chronic medical conditions.

Answer 126

B Rationale: Nurses are mandatory reporters, meaning they must report any suspected child abuse or neglect. Their role is to protect the child by ensuring that the proper authorities are notified and interventions are in place.

Answer 127

B Rationale: Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are risk factors for osteoporosis. Smoking cessation, limiting alcohol, and engaging in weight-bearing exercises (e.g., walking) are important for maintaining bone density and preventing fractures.

Answer 128

B Rationale: Nurses can educate parents on using structured systems of rewards and consequences to modify behavior. Establishing routines and collaborating with the child’s teachers can also help improve focus and social skills.

Answer 129

A Rationale: It is important for nurses to directly address self-harm or suicidal ideation by encouraging open communication and ensuring the adolescent does not feel isolated. Immediate intervention and professional help are crucial in managing depression.

Answer 130

C Rationale: Anorexia nervosa is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, even when the individual is significantly underweight. This fear leads to restrictive eating and excessive weight loss.

Human Growth & Development QBV Flashcards

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