human health and diseases Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
who is the father of medicine
A
hippocrate
2
Q
blood circulation is discovered by
A
william harvey
3
Q
what is health by hippocrate and indian ayurveda
A
balancing of certain body humors
4
Q
what are differerent body fluids
A
black bile [person with fever], yellow bile , cough, blood
5
Q
what is modern define of health
A
physical , mental , social well being
6
Q
health can be affected by
A
infections , genetic disorders , life style
7
Q
ourhealth can be maintained by
A
balanced diet , personal hygene , regular exercise and yoga , awarness , vaccination , disposal , vector control food and watter hygene
8
Q
what is disease
A
any change from normal state that caused discomfert and affect the working of organs and system with some sign and symptoms
9
Q
types of diseases
A
cogenital and acquired
10
Q
acquired diseases are categorised into
A
communicable and non communicable
11
Q
caracterstics of communicable
A
spread by pathogens like viruses , bacteria , fungi , etc. and are infectious
12
Q
examples of communicable
A
AIDS
13
Q
characters of non communicable
A
non infectious and non spreadable
14
Q
examples of non communicable
A
cancer , deficiency disorder and drug abbuse
15
Q
pathogen for typhoid
A
solmonnela typhis
16
Q
ways of typhoid to come into the body
A
to small interstine by contaminated food and waterand migrates to other organs
17
Q
symptoms of typhoid
A
fever , headache weekness , stomach pain , interstinal abnormalities and death
18
Q
classical case of medicine for typhoid
A
widel test [ mary mallon is typhoid carrier]
19
Q
pathogen for pneumonia
A
steptococus pneumoniae , haemophilius influenza
20
Q
weys of spreading of pneumoniae
A
by droplets of aerosal infections
21
Q
infection of pneuminia infect what part of the body
A
infect alviolie of lungs and alviolie filled with mucous
22
Q
symptoms of pneumonia
A
fever[chills] , cough , headache , SEVERE CASES—— lips , hairs turns grey to blue
23
Q
pthogen for diptheria
A
coryhebacterium diphtheriae
24
Q
symptoms for diptheria
A
fever , throat , suffocaton
25
pathogen for plaque [black fever]
yersinia pestis
26
symptoms for plaque
fever , headache , axillary lymph nodes enlargement , red patches on skin
27
two imp. viral disease
common cold , hepatitis -B
28
common cold is cauesed by
rihno viruses [group of viruses]
29
characters of common cold
most infectious human ailments caused through droplets by cough and sneeze last for 3---7 days
30
symptoms of common cold
nasal cognetion , sore throat , horseness
31
hepatitisB Spread by
HBV
32
symptoms of hepatitis B
lever damage , jaundice
33
two helmenthic disease
ascariasis and eliphantiasis
34
ascariasis caused by
ascaris lumbicoids [roundworm]
35
symptoms of ascariasis
intestinal parasites , bleeding , pain ,fevee , anamia , blockage
36
what cause elephantiasis [filiariasis]
wucherararia [Wbronchofti] [filarial worm]
37
sympoms of eliphantiais
slow development of chronic inflammation of orgams in which they live . lymph vessels of lower limb blocks. genital organs affected.[sweeled] transmmit by female mosquitos[culex]
38
name of fungal disease
ringworm
39
what cause ringworm
microsporum , tricophyton, epidermophyton
40
charactrs of ringworm
spread from soil , imfected towels and clothes. most common infectious disaase.
41
symptoms of ringworm
dry , scaly lesions on the skin , nails , scalp , etc
42
malaria is caused by
plasmodium
43
malaria causing species of plsmodium
P vivax -------------[60 ---65%] P malaria------------[1%] P falciparum----------[30---40%]
44
malignant malaria caused by
P falciparum [most dangerous]
45
plasmodium enters human body as
sporozoids
46
plasmodium need how many host with names
2 hosts human ,, female anopheles mosquitos
47
sexual stage of plasmodium is in
mosquito
48
asexual stage of plasmodium is in
human
49
plasmodim sporozoids multiply in
liver cells
50
when RBC bursts in huma in malaria what toxin release
haemozoin
51
sporozoids store in what of mosquitos
salivary glands
52
what are the symptoms of malaria
fever in a gap of 3---4 days
53
amobiasis [amoboic dysantry] is caused by
entamoeba histolytica [ paracite in the large interstine of humans]
54
infective stageof amobic dysentry
tetranucleated cyst
55
amobic dysentry spreaded by
house fly
56
symptoms of amibiasis
abdominal pain , ceramps , stools with mucus and blood clots
57
what is immunity
overall ability of the host to fight the disease causing organism conferred by immune system
58
types of immunity
innate immunity aquired immunity
59
what is innate immunity
non specific defence present at the time of birth
60
types of innate immunity
physical barriers [ skin, mucus] physiological barriers [ acid in stomach, tears ] cellular barriers [ leucocytes WBC, polymorphic - nuclear leucocytes {PMNL neutrophills}] cytokine barriers [INTERFERONS, protect non-infected cells from further infections]
61
aquired immunity is specific to
pathogens
62
when our body encounters a pathogen for the first time the response is called
primary response
63
secondary response is also known as
anamnestic response
64
two lymphocytes present in ourblood
B lymphocytes T lymphocytes
65
what is the role of B lymph.
to produce antibodies against pathogens
66
what is the role of T lumphocytes
to help B lymph. to produce antibiotics
67
discribe the structure of antibodies
have four peptide chains [TWO LIGHT CHAINS] [TWO HEAVY CHAINS]
68
antibodies is represented by
H2L2
69
types of antibodies are
IgA IgM IgE IgG
70
antibodies response is also known as
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
71
TWo types of aquired immune response
antibodies mediated cell mediated
72
T lumph. is controlling
CMI
73
WHEN HUMAN organs stop working what is the way to keep a human alive
organ transplantation
74
what are essential steps before taking the grafts
tissue matching , blood group matching
75
what is responsible for graft rejection
CMI
76
WHWN a host is exposed to the sntigens waht kingd of immunity is produced
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
77
When ready-made immunity is provided to the host its is called
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
78
WHAT kind of immunity is faster
passive immunity
79
what antibodies are provided by colostrum
IgA
80
FOETUS get antibodies from
placenta
81
what kind of cells are produced by vaccination
B cells and T cells
82
what are antitoxin
a prepratation of antibodies for toxins
83
vaccination is a kind of
passive immunity
84
hepatitis B vaccine is provided by
yeast
85
what is allergy
the exaggrated response of the immune system to certain antigens in environment is called allergy
86
antibodies for allergies are
IgE type
87
symptoms of allergy are
snezzing , watery eyes , running nose , breathing problems
88
allergy is due to the release of
histamine and serotonine from mast cells
89
what are the causes of allergies
weak immune system protected environment in the early stages of life
90
waht is auto immuity
the abilitynto differenciate self from foregin in vertibrates
90
what is autoimmunity
the ability to differentiate self from foreign in vertebrates
91
what is autoimmune disease
the body attack self cells
92
examples of autoimmune disease
rheumatoid arthritis
93
mane the primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow, thymus,
94
role of primary lymphoid organs
differentiation maturation and migration
95
name sec. lymph. organs
spleen , lymph nodes, tonsils , Peyer's patch in small intestine and appendix
96
main lymphoid organ
bone marrow
96
main lymphoid organ
bone marrow
97
what is the character of the thymus
it gets small with age
98
spleen a reservoir of
erythrocytes
99
lymph tissue is also known as
MALT [mucous associated lymphoid tissue]
100
MALT consists of how much of total lymph tissue in the human body
50% of the total
101
full form of AIDS
auto immuno deficiency syndrome
102
syndrome means
a group of symptoms
103
AIDS first reported in
1981
104
AIDS killing more then
25 million people
105
AIDS is caused by
HIV
106
Full form of HIV
human immuno deficiency virus
107
HIV is a member of
retroviruses
108
AIDS spreads by
[a] sexual contact with infected person. [b] trasfusion of contaminated blood and related products. [c] sharing infected needles like in case of drugs abuse. [d] from infected mother to her child through placenta.
109
AIDS spread through
body fluids
110
time lag between AIDS infection and symptoms
few months to 5---10 years
111
HIV attacks
t lumphocytes
112
symptoms of AIDS
bouts of fever , diarrhoea , weight loss
113
test for AIDS
enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay [ELISA]
114
what is the cure of AIDS
NO Cure just prevention
115
national organisation from AIDS control
NACO [national aids control organisation]
116
things to be done by goverment for aids prevention
making blood same from HIV use of disposable needles free distribution of condoms controlling drug abuse advocating safe sex
117
what does the cancer cells do diffrent than normal cells
they loss the ability of contact inhibition
118
what is contact inhibition
contact with other cells inhibit uncontrolled growth
119
contact inhibition is shown by
normal body cells
120
cancerous cells made a cluster of cells called
tumors
121
what are the two kind of tumors
[1] benign [2] malignant
122
character of benign cells
they confined to their origin position
123
malignant cells are a group of prolifirative cells
neoplastic or tumor cells
124
what are the characters of malignant cell
they move to different locations and cause damge to healthy body cells
125
what are more dangerous benign cells or malignant cells
malignant cells
126
waht is metastatis
the property of cancer cells when they move move blood and whereever they accumulate they form tumors
127
what is the most feared property of cancer
metastatis
128
waht are the cause of cancer
physical , chemical , bioogical
129
waht are cancer causing agents called
carcinogens
130
what are the examples of all the 3 cargogens
[1] PHYSICAL BARRIERS--- Xrays , gamma rays , UV rays. [2] CHEMICAL BARRIERS--- tobbaco smoke. [3] BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS--- genetic causes.
131
cancer causing viruses are called
oncogenic viruses have genes called viral oncogens
132
three genes that can cause cancer are
viral oncogenes , cellular oncogenes , proto oncogenes
133
three genes that can cause cancer are
viral oncogenes , cellular oncogenes , proto oncogenes
134
cancer can be detected by
*biopsy *histopathological studies of tissues *blood and bone marrow tests for leukemias
135
detection of internal organs cancer are
* radiography [use of X rays] * ct [computed tomography] * MRI [magnetic resonance imaging]
136
CT and X rays are doing
3 dimentional imaging
137
MRI do use
strong mag.field and non ionizing radiations
138
what are the treatments of cancer
surgery , radiation therapy , immunotherapy
139
biological response modifiers that destry the tumors
alpha interferons
140
commonly abused drugs are
opoids , cannabinoids , coca alkaloids
141
majoritry of drugs are obtauined from
flowring plants, fungi
142
opoids are bind to
opoid receptors present on CNS and gastrointwestinal tract
143
characters of heroin [ smack]
it is a diacetylmorphine which is a white , odorless , bitter crystalline compound
144
heroin is obtained by
acetylation of morphine
145
morphine is extarcted from
latex of poppy plant [papaver somniferum]
146
heroin is taken by
snorting ad injections
147
what is heroin do to the body functions
depresent and slow down body functions
148
cannabinoids binds to
cannabinoid receptors present in the brain
149
cannadinoids are obtained from
infloresence of cannabis sativa
150
diffrent parts of cannabin sativa gives
marijuana , hashish , charas , ganja
151
cannabinoids are taken as
inhalation , oral injetion
152
cannabinoids affect
cardiovascular system of the body
153
coca alkaloids also knouwn as
cocain , coke, , crack
154
cocain are taken from
coca plant [erythroxylum coca] in south america
155
what cocain do
interfer ewith neuro tramsmittors dopamine
156
cocain action on
CNS and cause europia , increased energy , excess dosage cause hallucination
157
hallucination cause by
cocain , atropa bellandona , dhatura
158
drugs used as medecine
morphine , barbiturates , amphetamines , benzodiazepines
159
drugs used as medicine for
depression, insomnia, painkilling , for surgery
160
what is drug abuse
when the drugs are taken other then medical purposes or more in quantities
161
tobacco is used more then
400 years
162
tobacoo is taken as
smoked , chewed , snuff
163
tobacoo contains
nicoten [ an alkaloid]
164
what nicotine does to the body
stimulate adrinal gland release anrenaline and non adrinaline into blood which inc. blood pressure and heart rate
165
what are the diseases that tobacoo do
cancer[lungs , urinary bladder , throat , oral cavity] , bronchitis , emphysema , coronary heart disese , gastic ulcer, inc CO in blood reduce haemoglobin do oxygen deficiency
166
what is adolesent stage
the period between 12 -- 18 years
167
waht cause youngsters to to take drugs
stress , pressure to exail in exmas,
168
what happen with inc comsumption of drugs
the tolerance of receptors inc.
169
waht happen if regular dose of drugs is reduced or stoped
depence is the tendency of the body to menifest a characterstic and unplesent withdrawl syndrom
170
most common warning signs of drug abuse among youngsters
drop in academic performance, unexplained absence fromschool/college , withdrawl , isolation , depression, fatigue , etc.
171
why sportmens do drugs
inc. muscle strength , promote agressiveness , inc . atheletic strength
172
side effects of steroids on females
musculine features, agressiveness , mood swings , depression , abnormal menstrual cycle , enlargement i clitoris ,
173
side effects of steroids on males
acne, agresssiveness, testicles size inc. , sperm prod. dec.kidney and liver disfunction , etc.
174
what are the measures shouldbe taken for drug abbusers
[1] avoid undue peer pressure [2] education and councelling [3] seeking help from parents and peers [4] looking for danger signs seeking proffectional and medical help
