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human reproduction and human health > human health & diseases > Flashcards

human health & diseases Flashcards

1
Q

discovery of blood circulation

A

by william harvey ,, disproved the good humor theory of health

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2
Q

tetanus is a _ disease

A

bacterial

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3
Q

rabies is a _ diseases

A

viral

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4
Q

a fatal infectious diseases

A

AIDS

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5
Q

fatal non-infectious disease

A

cancer

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6
Q

disease causing organisms are also called

A

pathogens

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7
Q

_ is the typhoid pathogen and it enters the _ through _ and migrate to other organs through _

A

bacteria called salmonella typhi
small intestine
contaminated food and water
blood

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8
Q

symptoms of typhoid

A

sustained high fever (39-40 degree celcius)
weakness
stomach pain
constipation
headache
loss of appetite
intestinal perforation in extreme severe cases
death in extreme severe cases

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9
Q

diagnostic test for typhoid

A

widal test

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10
Q

dysentery, diphtheria, plague are examples of _ diseases

A

bacterial

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11
Q

pathogens that enter the gut must know a way to survive in the _ pH conditions of the intestine

A

low pH conditions

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12
Q

what happens when typhoid gets severe

A

intestinal perforation leading to death

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13
Q

name the pathogens involved in the disease pneumonia

A

bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae
bacteria haemophilus influenzae

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14
Q

pneumonia affects the _,, as a result of which they _

A

alveoli,, get filled with fluid making it difficult to respire

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15
Q

symptoms of pneumoniae

A

fever
chills
cough
headache
in severe cases, the lips and nails might turn bluish

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16
Q

common cold is caused by a pathogenic group called

A

rhino viruses (it’s a group of different viruses)

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17
Q

in common cold _ is affected

A

nose and respiratory pathway but the lungs remain unaffected

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18
Q

symptoms of common cold

A

nasal congestion
nasal discharge
sore throat
hoarseness
cough
headache
tiredness

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19
Q

how long does common cold usually last

A

3-7 days

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20
Q

malarial pathogens

A

a tiny protozoan, plasmodium

species of protozoans - p.vivax
p.falciparum
p.malaria

all of them cause different kinds of malaria

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21
Q

which malarial protozoan is the most serious one and could be fatal too and what kind of malaria does it cause

A

p. falciparum causing malignant malaria

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22
Q

plasmodium enters the human body as _ through the bite of _

A

sporozoites which is an infectious form
female mosquito anopheles

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23
Q

what substance is responsible for the recurring high fever every 3-4 days in malaria and why is it released in the body

A

hemozoin
it is released when the RBCs rupture releasing a toxin called hemozoin

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24
Q

the first site of multiplication of sporozoites after it has entered the human body is

A

the liver cells

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25
Q

the sporozoites reproduce _ in liver cells

A

asexually

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26
Q

the sporozoites reproduce _ in RBC

A

asexually

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27
Q

the sexual stages of the malarial parasite develop in the _ and they are called _

A

RBC
gametocytes

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28
Q

female mosquito takes up _ with the human blood when it bites them

A

gametocytes

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29
Q

fertilization and development of the malarial parasitic gametocytes take place in the _

A

mosquito gut

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30
Q

the mature infective stage called the _ escapes from the _ of the mosquito and migrate to the _

A

sporozoites
gut
salivary glands

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31
Q

ameobiasis / amoebic dysentry is caused by which pathogen and what is its site of action

A

protozoan entamoeba histolytica
large intestine

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32
Q

symptoms of ameobiasis

A

constipation
abdominal pain
cramps
stool w excess mucus and blood clots

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33
Q

what transmits the ameobiasis pathogen

A

housefly acts as the mechanical carrier and transmits the pathogen from the feces of infected person to food and water.
this infected food and water caused amoebiasis

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34
Q

pathogenic helminthes

A

ascaris (common round worm)
wushereria (filarial worm)

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35
Q

site of action of ascaris

A

intestine

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36
Q

symptoms of asciarasis

A

internal bleeding
muscular pain
fever
anaemia
blockage of intestinal passage

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37
Q

how does asciaris transmit

A

the eggs of the parasite are released with the feces of the infected person which contaminated water, food and plants

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38
Q

name the mentioned species of the wushereria worm

A

w.brancrofti
w.malayi

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39
Q

wushereria causes

A

elephantiasis or filariasis

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40
Q

elephantiasis is a

A

slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organ in which the causative pathogen lives for years, usually its the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs
the genital organs are also affected, resulting in gross deformities

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41
Q

transmission of elephantiasis

A

through the bite of a female mosquito vector

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42
Q

fungal groups responsible for ringworms

A

microsporum
trichophyton
epidermophyton

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43
Q

symptoms of ringworms

A

dry scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, nails and scalp

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44
Q

fishes that feed on mosquito larva

A

gambusia

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45
Q

a large number of other infections have been controlled to a large extent with the use of vaccines like (ex of diseases)

A

polio
diphtheria
pneumonia
tetanus

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46
Q

innate immunity

A

inborn immunity
non-specific defence (doesnt have a memory)

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47
Q

examples of innate immunity

A

physical barrier
physiological barrier
cellular barrier
cytokine barrier

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48
Q

physical barrier of innate immunity

A

skin on the body,, mucus coating of the epithelium of respiratory, gastro intestinal and urinary tract

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49
Q

physiological barrier of innate immunity

A

hcl in stomach
saliva in mouth
tears

  • all of them prevent microbial growth
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50
Q

cellular barrier of innate immunity

A

1)PMNL (neutrophils) - they are leukocytes (WBC)
2)monocytes
3)natural killer (type of lymphocyte) (present in blood)
4)macrophages (present in tissues)

-can phagocyte and destroy microbes

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51
Q

cytokine barrier

A

interferons - secreted by virus-infected cells
- are proteinaceous
- protect non-infected cells from getting infected

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52
Q

acquired immunity is provided by what kinds of cell

A

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes

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53
Q

b-lymphocytes mature in

A

bone marrow

54
Q

t-lymphocytes mature in

A

thymus

55
Q

plasmodium falciparum causes

A

malignant malaria

56
Q

primary response produced due to acquired immunity is of _ intensity

A

low

57
Q

secondary response due to acquired immunity is also called

A

amnestic response

58
Q

the primary and secondary immune response are carried with the help of two special type of _ and they are _ and _

A

lymphocytes
b-lymphocytes
t-lymphocytes

59
Q

which type of lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood

A

b-lymphocytes

60
Q

role of t-lymphocytes in response to pathogens

A

they themselves do not secrete antibodies but help b cells to produce them

61
Q

each antibody molecule has

A

4 peptide chains
( 2 small- light chain
2 longer- heavy chain )

62
Q

what are the two types of acquired immune responses

A

1) humoral immune response (primary and secondary/amnestic response)
2) cell mediated immunity response

63
Q

cell mediated immunity response is mediated by

A

T-lymphocyte

64
Q

graft rejection by the body is possible because of _

A

cell mediated immunity

65
Q

active immunity

A

when a host is exposed to antigens which might be in the form of dead microbes, living microbes or a protein,, antibodies are produced in the body in response to the antigen introduction

66
Q

passive immunity

A

when ready made antibodies are directly introduced into the body from an outside source to fight against the foreign agent

67
Q

the fact that colostrum has abundant antibodies and that the fetus receives several antibodies from the placenta during pregnancy is what type of immunity

A

passive

68
Q

colostrum has predominantly which type of antibodies

A

IgA

69
Q

anti-tetanus and anti-venom serums are which type of immunisation techniques

A

passive immunisation

70
Q

hepatitis vaccine is produced from _

A

yeast

71
Q

recombinant DNA tech has allowed the production of _ in bacteria or yeast ,, ex _

A

antigenic polypeptide of pathogen
hep-B vaccine produced from yeast

72
Q

antibodies produced in an allergy reaction is

A

IgE

73
Q

allergy is due to the release of chemicals like

A

histamine and serotonin from mast cells

74
Q

drugs that quickly reduce the symptoms of allergies

A

anti-histamine
adrenaline
steroids

75
Q

auto-immunity

A

1) memory based acquired immunity
2) evolved in higher vertebrates

76
Q

rheumatoid arthritis is

A

an auto-immune disease

77
Q

the human immune system consists of

A

1)lymphoid organs
2) tissues
3)cells
4) soluble molecules called anti-bodies

78
Q

origin, maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur in

A

lymphoid organs

79
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and thymus
here, immature lymphocytes differentiate to become antigen-sensitive lymphocytes

80
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

after maturation in primary lymphoid organs, the lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphocytes
ex- lymph nodes
tonsils
peyer’s patches of small intestine
appendix

81
Q

the secondary lymphoid organs provide sites for

A

interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen which then proliferate to become effector cells

82
Q

_ is the main lymphoid organ where all the blood cells including lymphocytes are produced

A

bone marrow

83
Q

thymus is a _ (shape) organ located

A

lobed
near the heart and beneath the breastbone

84
Q

bone marrow and thymus provide micro environments for the

A

development and maturation of T-lymphocytes

85
Q

spleen shape

A

large bean shaped organ

86
Q

spleen mainly contains

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

87
Q

which secondary lymphoid organ has a large reservoir of erythrocytes

A

spleen

88
Q

_ help in the activation of lymphocytes present in lymph nodes

A

antigens trapped in them

89
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
constitutes about 50% of lymphoid tissue in human body

90
Q

the gametocytic sexual stage of the malarial protozoan is formed in _ of _ host

A

RBC of human host

91
Q

the virus that causes AIDS is a member of which group of members

A

HIV is a member of retrovirus group pf viruses

92
Q

retroviruses are characterized by

A

having an envelope enclosing the RNA genome

93
Q

incubation period of AIDS (time lag b/w virus invasion and appearance of symptoms)

A

may vary from a few months to years (5-10 years)

94
Q

after getting into the body of the person, the HIV virus enters into _ where what happens and with the help of which enzyme?

A

macrophages where RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase

95
Q

HIV factory in the body

A

macrophages

96
Q

simultaneously, while the macrophages produce more viral DNA, the HIV virus enters into the _ and does what

A

helper t-lymphocytes,, and then the virus replicates itself and produce more progeny viruses and these progeny virus attacks other helper t-lymphocytes leading into their progressive decrease

97
Q

during the progressive decrease of helper t-lymphocytes, what happens

A

person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrohea and weight loss

98
Q

result of massive decrease in helper t cells

A

person stars getting minor infections which could have been avoided otherwise

like from bacteria, especially mycobacterium
viruses
fungi
parasites like toxoplasma

99
Q

AIDS diagnostic test

A

ELISA - enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay

100
Q

what is the success rate of treatment w anti-retoviral drugs in case of AIDS

A

they are only partially effective,, might prolong the life but wont prevent death

101
Q

aids was first reported in

A

1981

102
Q

NACO

A

national aids control organization

103
Q

benign tumor

A

remains confined to their original place and cause little damage

104
Q

malignant tumor

A

mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumor cells
show metastasis

105
Q

physical carcinogens

A

ionizing radiations like x-rays and gamma rays and non-ionizing radiations like UV cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation

106
Q

biological carcinogens

A

oncogenic viruses have genes called viral oncogens

genes like cellular oncogens and proto oncogens have been identified in normal cells which when activated under certain conditions could lead to oncogenic transformations

107
Q

bone marrow test for increased cell counts is done for the detection of which type of cancer

A

leukemia

108
Q

CT for cancer detection

A

computed tomography uses x-ray to generate 3-D image of the internals of the body

109
Q

MRI for cancer detection

A

magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing radiation to generate accurate detect pathological and physiological changes in the body

110
Q

biological response modifiers used for cancer treatment and why are they used?

A

alpha-interferons

cancer cells are known to avoid detection and destruction so bio immune modifiers are given which heigten the immune response that helps in destroying tumor cells

111
Q

opioids which bind to

A

specific opioid receptors present in or CNS and GI tract

112
Q

example of opiod

A

heroin commonly called smack

113
Q

chemically heroin is

A

diacetylmorphine (which is a white, crystalline and bitter crystalline compound)

114
Q

diacetylmorphine is obtained from

A

acetylation of morphine

115
Q

morphine is obtained from

A

latex of poppy plant, papaver somnifera

116
Q

what type of drug is heroin and how is it taken up

A

depressant

snorting or injecting

117
Q

cannabinoids receptors are principally present in

A

brain

118
Q

natural cannabinoids are obtained from

A

INFLORESCENCE of the plant cannabis sativa

119
Q

the _, _ and _ of _ plant are used in various combination to produce _

A

flower tops, resins, leaves
cannabis plant
marijuana, hashish, ganja

120
Q

cannabinoids are known to affect the _ system of the body and they are generally taken up by _

A

cardiovascular
inhalation and oral ingestion

121
Q

cocaine otherwise known as _ , is obtained from _ , native to _

A

coca alkaloid
coca plant erythroxylum coca
south america

122
Q

what does cocaine do to the body

A

interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter dopamine
it has a potent stimulating action on the CNS producing a sense of euphoria and increased energy

123
Q

excessive dosage of cocaine/crack/ coke causes

A

hallucination

124
Q

other well known plants that cause hallucination are

A

atropa belladona
datura

125
Q

drugs that are used to treat mental illness like depression and insomnia

A

barbiturates
amphetamines
benzodiazepines

126
Q

an effective sedative and painkiller used on surgical patients

A

morphine

127
Q

tobacco contains the chemical

A

nicotine, an alkaloid

128
Q

nicotine stimulates _ gland to secrete

A

adrenal gland
to secrete adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into the blood stream both of which raises blood pressure and heart rate

129
Q

smoking is associated with increased cases of

A

cancers of lung, urinary bladder & throat
bronchitis
emphysema
coronary heart disease
gastric ulcer

130
Q

damage to liver

A

cirrhosis

131
Q

what substances to sportsmen generally abuse to increase muscle strength

A

narcotic analgesics
anabolic steroids
diuretics
some hormones

132
Q

HCl secretion in stomach is what kind of innate immunity barrier

A

physiological barrier

human reproduction and human health (2 decks)

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