Human Impact Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What is biodiversity?
A
A variety of species present in an ecosystem, this can be calculated as the number of species in a specific area.
2
Q
What is extinction?
A
It is a natural process which leads to the disappearance of a species or a population.
3
Q
What has extinction been caused by?
A
It’s caused by changes in climate, geology, and biotic factors, as well as human activity.
4
Q
What are the reasons for species to be threatened?
A
Natural selection Deforestation Habitat destruction Loss of hedgerows Hunting and collecting Competition from domestic animals Pollution (PCBs and oil)
5
Q
Why has natural selection caused species to be threatened?
A
Existing species don’t have the ability to survive in a changing environment. Human activities are causing habitats to change faster than new mutations allow species to adapt e.g sabre tooth cat, woolly mammoth, cave bear.
6
Q
Why has deforestation caused species to be threatened?
A
Removal of large areas of forests e.g oil plantations in borneo e.g orang-utan
7
Q
Why has habitat destruction caused species to be threatened?
A
Wetland drainage for agricultural land or land for building e.g. pink headed duck, gangetic plains of India.
8
Q
Why has a loss of hedgerows caused species to be threatened?
A
They provide a habitat for insects, nesting sites for birds and reptiles, food for many species and varying light intensity and water availability for diverse plants. Hedgerows act as wildlife corridors enabling reptiles, birds and mammals to move from one area to another helping maintain biodiversity. Removal occurs to increase field size for the use of machinery e.g dormouse, brown hair streak butterfly.
9
Q
Why has collecting and hunting caused species to be threatened?
A
As species are collected for food or profit e.g ivory, dodo- food, tigers - rugs, rhino- horn.
10
Q
Why has competition from domestic animals caused species to be threatened?
A
Introduced domesticated animals for food competition with native species e.g red squirrel, goats on Galapagos competition for grazing sites with tortoises.
11
Q
Why has pollution caused species to be threatened?
A
Oil floats and prevents oxygenation of surface water. Animals which break through are covered in a film of oil. Bird feathers get clumped together so can’t provide insulation. Oil which is washed up onto beaches are ingested and poisons the species. PCBs are ingested with food and are neurotoxins, carcinogens and hormone disruptors. Unregulated industry are polluting rivers e.g Bajillions river dolphins
12
Q
What is conservation?
A
The sensible management of the biosphere to maintain habitats and enhance biodiversity, whilst allowing human activity. It maintains genetic diversity both in the wild and in captivity.
13
Q
What conservation methods are there?
A
- Protecting habitats using natural reserves and SSSI
- Restrictions on trade
- Zoo breeding programmes
- Sperm banks/ seed banks
- Reintroductions
- Education
- Ecotourism
- Legalisation
14
Q
What does SSSI stand for?
A
Sites of Special Scientific Interest
15
Q
How does the conservation method: Protecting habitats using natural reserves and SSSI’s work?
A
Natural reserves protect areas rich in biodiversity from being destroyed or damaged. They can be managed to maintain habitat quality and surveyed so that action plans for species are having intended results.
16
Q
How does the conservation method: Restrictions on trade work?
A
Prevents trades on organisms whether dead, alive or part of an organism. It reduces the number killed, less harvesting increases biodiversity. e.g elephants ivory
17
Q
How does the conservation method: Zoo breeding programmes work?
A
Animals on the edge on extinction can be taken to zoos before being returned to the habitat. It allows several subspecies to breed. Captive breeding means that animals can outbreed with animals from different zoos.
18
Q
How does the conservation method: Sperm/ seed banks work?
A
They store material in a safe environment and ensure against damage or loss of a habitat. Animals which have small populations due to damaged ecosystems can be boosted by using sperm from a wide range of individuals increasing the potential gene pool and avoiding bottleneck problems.
19
Q
How does the conservation method: Reintroductions work?
A
Species which have been lost can be reintroduced if the conditions are favourable for success.
20
Q
How does the conservation method: Education work?
A
Proposes ecosystem management schemes and establishes nature reserves.
21
Q
How does the conservation method: legalisation work?
A
A range of measures to protect habitats and enhance biodiversity, preventing over grazing, overfishing, hunting and collection of bird’s eggs
22
Q
How does the conservation method: Ecotourism work?
A
It aims to: Contribute to conservation efforts, employ locals, give money to local communities, educate visitors. Cooperate with the locals in managing natural areas.
23
Q
Why should we conserve?
A
It ensures the conservation of gene pools
24
Q
What are the reasons for conservation?
A
Ethical reasons
Agriculture and horticulture
Environmental changes
Potential medical uses
25
The ethical reasons for conservation?
The uniqueness of each species is intrinsically valuable
26
The agriculture and horticulture reasons for conservation?
Species used in agriculture have been developed from those in the wild. Selective breeding increases genetic uniformity with the loss of genetic diversity. If genetic differences are needed to be bred back into agricultural varieties they may be lost.
27
The environmental change reasons for conservation?
Alleles found in individuals will be selected preventing the extinction of the species.
28
The medical usage reasons for conservation?
Conservation of habitats helps identify plants which could be potentially useful drugs before extinction.
29
How does pesticides increase production?
Reduces competition from other plants.
Reduces damage and disease
Increases yield and quality
30
How does pesticides effect the environment?
Lower biodiversity as fewer weeds and animals which they support die.
May kill pollination and natural predators of pests.
31
How does artificial fertilisers increase production?
Higher yield. Nutrients aren't limited, no need to rotate crops, constant growth of most valuable crop.
32
How does artificial fertilisers affect the environment?
It reduces biodiversity in pastures as grass grows rapidly in outcompete wild crops. Eutrophication
33
How does removal of hedges to increase the field size increase production?
Allows large machinery to work efficiently. Reduces labour/labour costs. Faster harvesting. More land.
34
How does the removal of hedges to increase field size affect the environment?
Loss of habitats/nesting size/food for wildlife. No wildlife corridors connecting isolated woods. Animal populations can inbreed.
35
How does drainage of watermeadows increase production?
More land can be found. More fertile soil as aerobic nitrifying bacteria do well.
36
How does drainage of watermeadows affect the environment?
It causes a loss of scarce wetland habitat.
37
How does large areas of monoculture (one crop type) increase production?
Increased efficiency, the best use of expensive specialised machinery. The crop with the best profit can be widely grown.
38
How does large areas of monoculture affect the environment?
Less biodiversity. Greater attention of a soil nutrient deficiency and if disease/pests occur they were spread widely.
39
What are the reasons for deforestation?
Road and housing development
Wood for timber, fuel and other products e.g. paper.
Clearing the land agriculture both subsistence and the ranches/palm oil plantations.
40
What are the consequences for deforestation?
Loss of habitats and therefore loss of biodiversity. Leading to a loss of future use of some organisms as medicine, foods or research.
Burning trees releases CO2 leading to increase levels in the atmosphere less can be absorbed in photosynthesis which leads to more greenhouse effect.
Forest trap water and protect soil from heavy rain so without them soil erosion leads to the loss of topsoil and nutrients due to heavy rainfall. Water flows quickly down valleys causing flooding and landslides.
Rainforests effect rainfall without transpiration from these less rainfall is increasing desertification.
41
Where is biodiversity highest in?
Tropical areas with much of the biodiversity not being fully investigated for future use. Poor countries can exploit these resources and use them as food or for export as medicines.
42
What are the ways that forests can be managed?
Coppicing - a trunk is cut leaving a stool
Selective Cutting
Long rotation time
43
What is the advantage of coppicing?
It allows light onto the forest floor, increasing growth and biodiversity. Produces new growth called poles which can be harvested and used to produce timber a specific widths
44
What are the disadvantages of coppicing?
It takes time to produce new poles.
45
What are the advantages of selective cutting?
It's useful on slopes as removing all trees would lead to soil erosion. It helps maintain soil fertility.
46
What are the disadvantages of selective cutting?
Only a small amount of timber is removed each year.
47
What is the advantage of long rotation time?
Many years are left between harvesting so variety of habitats and diverse range of wildlife can develop.
48
What is the disadvantage of long rotation time?
A long time between harvesting wood.
49
What improvements can be made for the efficiency of forestry?
Cutting trees in a cycle where areas are left uncut so wildlife can persist and there is sustainability in production of selective felling which prevents soil being left bare.
Cutting a similar number of trees each year for long periods of time. Growing trees in sustainable conditions choosing fast-growing or economic valuable trees.
Spacing trees out so they aren't overcrowded and intraspecific competition is minimised so will produce high-quality and expensive timber.
Prevention of pests and diseases e.g. sprays.
50
Why should native woodland be preserved?
So biodiversity can be maintained and hunts and provide habitats for native species.
51
How has overfishing lead to loss of biodiversity?
The introduction of large vessels and new technology has allowed more fish to be caught.
Fewer fish can breed (small mesh net catch fish before they can breed).
Reduces the amount of prey available to predators leading to a loss of predatory species.
52
What are the strategies to combat overfishing?
```
Exclusion zones
removing subsidies
quotas/landing
reducing vessels
reducing fishing time
controlling mess mesh size (set to a minimum)/discarding young fish
eating MSC fish
eating non-traditional fish
```
53
What are the disadvantages of exclusion zones?
Local fishermen may lose their income
54
What are the advantages of exclusion zones?
Allows areas which have reproductive species to breed and recolonise surrounding areas. It benefits other fish eating animals
55
What are the disadvantages of removing subsidies?
Loss of income/jobs
56
What are the advantages of removing subsidies?
It would stop encouraging fisherman to catch fish.
57
What are the disadvantages of quotas/landing?
Often fish are caught, die and then are thrown back in because the quota has been caught.
58
Advantages of quota/landing?
Reduces the amount of fish caught.
59
What are the disadvantages of reducing vessels?
Loss of jobs can result in the dominance of larger fishing vessels.
60
What are the advantages of reducing vessels?
Fewer fisherman fewer fish caught
61
What are the disadvantages for reducing fishing time?
If you are fresh/bunny available at set times of the year, sporadic income for some fishermen.
62
What are the advantages forward to seeing fishing time?
Fewer fish caught allows fish to be able to breed
63
What are the disadvantages of controlling mesh size (set to a minimum)/discarding young fish?
Adult/breeding fish still may be cold. Different mesh sizes are needed for different fish. It prevents breeding.
64
What are the advantages of controlling mesh size (set to a minimum)/discarding young fish?
Small and non-breeding fish aren't caught allowing them to reach a sexual maturity before being caught.
65
What are the disadvantages of eating MSC fish?
Fish is still caught and the scheme is said to be unsustainable.
66
What are the advantages of eating MSC fish?
Fish is caught in a more sustainable way.
67
What are the disadvantages of eating nontraditional fish?
Some of these fish need to be transported long distances. Many are poorly understood and threatened. Exploit resources of poorer countries.
68
What are the advantages of eating nontraditional fish?
Cod and other popular fish are caught less.
69
Why are disease is common in fish farms?
As the fish are kept closely packed together they can spread diseases more easily into wild populations in the same ecosystem. Many treatments are toxic to other organisms (antibiotics accept marine balances and pesticides will kill marine invertebrates)
70
What are the positive effects of fish farms?
Food Security for expanding population
Employment
Lessening the impact on some large fish More fish is affordable.
71
What are the negative effects of fish farms?
Disease spreads to wild fish
Farmed fish are high in toxins
Areas surrounding farms are high in toxins Requires large amounts of fish for food as carnivorous species are mainly farmed (impacting food webs)
Reduces the value of wild caught fish and livelihood of fishermen
Large carbon footprint as inputs are needed.
Eutrophication
Environmental degradation
Ranching catches fish and raises them in cages and natural presentation trapped in mesh.
72
What is eutrophication caused by?
High levels of protein in the food of predatory fish a large amount of nitrogen waste is produced.
73
Why is biodiversity and populations monitored in areas where human development is planned?
So the most diverse species areas are kept undeveloped. Avoid losses in biodiversity. Any changes which bring out damage can be halted or mitigation can be made.
74
Why are scientists involved in decision-making?
They are able to analyse and evaluate data objectively. They can be independent with no pressure.
75
What are some countermeasure examples?
Rerouting roads to avoid high biodiversity areas
Avoiding wind turbines in areas of high bird and bat use
Tunnels under roads for hedgehogs, badgers and otters.
Erecting nest boxes in the most appropriate places.
76
Why is there conflict between conservationists, government and farmers?
They have different priorities with different pressures. Conservation and production require different treatments for the best result.
77
What is a concept and meaning behind planetary boundaries?
It's a way of defining the 'safe operating space for humanity' for the international community including governments at all levels, international organisations, civil society, the scientific community and the private sector.
78
What is planetary boundaries based on?
The framework is based on scientific research that indicates that since the industrial revolution human actions have become the driving force for global environmental change scientists assert that once human activity has passed certain thresholds or tipping points defined as 'planetary boundaries' there is risk of 'irreversible and abrupt environmental change'.
79
How many planetary boundaries have been identified?
Nine
80
What has the climate change boundary been classified as?
CROSSED
81
What is the climate change boundary?
It is one of the core boundaries, that even if greenhouse gas emissions were to stop immediately global average temperature will still increase. The earths temperature is largely controlled by greenhouse gases. The atmospheric temperature affects wind patterns ocean currents rainfall patterns and other precipitation. Periods of high atmospheric CO2 are correlated with high temperatures.
82
How does positive feedback occur?
As warmer seas melt the polar ice the sea becomes less reflective so more heat is absorbed warming the sea. Then we expansion and melted ice running off land causes a rise in sea level
83
What is the Kyoto protocol?
It says targets for reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The development of biofuel is to help reduce fossil fuel combustion with renewable sources needing to provide a greater proportion of energy usage.
84
How has the Paris agreement explained combating climate change?
Limiting greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. Reviewing each country's achievements every five years.
Rich countries helping poorer countries to adapt to climate change and change to renewable sources.
85
What are biofuels?
They are made in biological processes i.e. anaerobic digestion of plant material or agricultural, domestic and industrial waste. Growing biofuel crops remove CO2 from the atmosphere.
86
What are the first and second generation of biofuels?
First – sugars and vegetable oils (in arable crops which are extracted easily).
Second – cellulose and ligin (from woody crops which are hard to extract).
87
What are the issues of biofuels?
Food VS fuel: land for food has been turned into biofuel land so less food can be produced to eat and export, energy crops are grown in a monoculture.
Sustainable biofuel production relies on sustainable planning and efficient technical systems.
Carbon emissions: European by ethanol production and use reduce greenhouse gases by 60 to 90% compared to fossil fuels.
Deforestation for biofuel crops leads to soil erosion and biodiversity loss.
Reduction in water availability as they require large volumes of water (aquifers).
Combustion of biodiesel produces more nitrous nitrous oxide than fossil fuels.
88
What is bioethanol?
It is the most common biofuel made by fermenting the carbohydrates in sugar or starch crops i.e. maize, sugar beets, sugar cane.
89
How is bioethanol made?
Plant material is crushed and the stored starches are digested with carbohydrase to release sugar.
Sucrose is crystallised out leaving molasses: rich in glucose and fructose.
These are then fermented by yeast to produce a mixture containing ethanol. It's heating by burning fibrous waste or bagasse from the initial plant material and ethanol is distilled.
90
What is biodiesel?
It's made from vegetable oils i.e. soya, rapeseed, palm oil, algae. They are grown for their long fatty acid chains these fatty acids are reacted with an alcohol (commonly methanol) to produce a biodiesel.
They contain less carbon and more hydrogen and oxygen than petrol diesel, when it's pure it produces 60% of carbon emissions. It releases fewer carbon particles and less carbon monoxide but more nitrous oxide.
91
What is biogas?
It's a mixture of gases approximately 60% methane and 40% CO2. It's made by bacterial digestion of biodegradable waste materials e.g. human and animal waste or energy crops.
92
What are the three stages of producing biogas?
1. Macro molecules in the waste material are aerobically digested by amylase, protease and lipase to sugars, amino acid, fatty acids and glycerol.
2. Acetogenesis (aerobic) produces short fatty acids especially ethanoic acid. Oxygen is used up, hydrogen is made and carbon monoxide.
3. Methanogenesis is anaerobic.
C6H12O6 --> 3CH4 + 3CO2
The solid material is dried and is used as a biofuel or fertiliser.
93
Where is biogas naturally produced?
Landfill sites work can be used for fuel if left to escape into the atmosphere it contributes to global warming due to CH4 and CO2
94
What has the biosphere integrity Boundary been classified as?
CROSSED
95
What is the biosphere integrity boundary?
It's a second core boundary, the interaction individual species make together produces the ecosystem services. Human activity has caused environmental changes to occur more frequently and too fast for natural selection to reduce organisms that are suitably adapted to the changing environment.
If too few individuals in the species remain the survival of the species may be under threat or may become extinct.
96
Explain the habitat destruction which has reduced biodiversity?
More than half the marine species will be extinct in 2100. The oceans are polluted with acid, oil, plastic and sewage. This correlates with the phytoplankton decline (these producers cause changes to the higher trophic levels).
Tundra ecosystems are altering as temperatures are rising and herbaceous plants grow where only pioneer species are seen.
Coral bleaching causes species loss as warmer temperatures cause zooxanthellae to leave, as photosynthesis feeds on the corals they die.
Coastal plains get submerged due to sea levels rising, flooding areas with sea water causing water loss via osmosis killing plants and animals.
97
Which ecosystems have been affected by habitat destruction?
Tundra, coral reefs, rainforests coastal plains and marine life.
98
How can species be protected in this Boundary?
```
Monitoring biodiversity.
Species conservation.
Prohibit international trade on endangered species and their products.
Limit fishing when spawning.
Limit logging.
Limit chemical usage on agriculture.
Increase public awareness.
```
99
What is the land-use boundary classified as?
CROSSED
100
What is the land-use boundary?
It represents the misuse of land resulting into little food being produced. It's occurred through the expansion of farming and raising livestock with forests being cleared for biofuel production and urban development. The land for biofuels has conflicted with the production as not enough food is being produced for local use. Pollutants from agriculture and other human activities are further degrading the remaining land.
101
How can the land-use boundary be reversed?
Farming should be concentrated into the most productive areas. A reduction in meat consumption would reduce land under cultivation.
More efficient crop plants should be grown and no more than 15% of ice free land should be used for crop growing and human habitation.
102
What is the biogeochemical flow boundary classified as?
CROSSED
103
What is the bio geochemical flow boundary?
It refers to the cycling of minerals through biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem. Mineral cycles are essential in maintaining the availability of elements in the ions that are absorbed and transmitted throughout a food web. The nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers have crossed the boundary.
104
How have these cycles been disrupted (non self sustaining)?
Human activity has disrupted the cycles so the chemical elements are unbalanced.
These have been disrupted by:
Fertiliser use – atmospheric nitrogen is fixed in the haber process and phosphorus is extracted from the rocks.
Agricultural nitrogen fixation.
Combustion of fossil fuels and biomass.
105
What are the consequences of the natural cycle is being disrupted?
Eutrophication from nitrate and phosphorus run off into bodies of water, algal bloom and anoxic zones are a direct threat to biodiversity.
Acidification as excess CO2 dissolves in the sea, lakes and rivers affecting aquatic organisms by disrupting gas exchange in fish and softening the shells of moluscus and exoskeletons of anthropods.
106
What is the stratospheric ozone boundary classified as?
AVOIDED ( its the only boundary to be avoided by deliberate action)
107
What is the stratospheric ozone boundary?
It is when halogenated hydrocarbon is a GCSEs out of the position of equilibrium and favours the breakdown of ozone. Under UV CFCs release chlorine radicals with one breaking down 100,000 ozone molecules. Ozone absorbs UV-B and so the intensity of ultraviolet light at the pilot surface increased. The wavelength range is strongly absorbed by DNA so skin cancers and cataracts increase in number.
108
What is the equations for the breakdown of ozone?
3O2 ----> 2O3
109
How are CFCs used?
In propellants (spray cans, solvent, refrigerator coolant) and in the manufacture of disposable food and drink containers.
110
What is the Montréal protocol?
An agreement for the ban of CFC production and to reduce the usage.
111
What is the measurement for the thickness of ozone?
Dobson Units
112
What is the ocean acidification boundary classified as?
AVOIDABLE
113
What is the ocean acidification boundary?
It's when CO2 from the air is dissolved in bodies of water as HCO3 releasing H+ ions. Hydrogen carbonate ions break down into carbonate and hydrogen ions and an increase in hydrogen ions decreases the pH. It's defined by the saturation ratio of aragonate which describes that aragonate is present in surface waters with a saturated solution. A large CO2 increase could see a permeant cross.
114
Give me the equation for ocean acidification?
H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-
| HCO3 --> H+ + CO3 2-
115
What is the consequences of acidification?
A low pH leaches calcium carbonate out of mollusc and coral shells and arthropod exoskeleton softening them so are vulnerable to physical and chemical attack. Organisms then become more susceptible to predators.
Absorbing excess H+ ions decreases the internal pH pH of phytoplankton and the ability to perform enzymes mediated reactions ie photosynthesis is compromised. Less O2 is produced, less CO2 removed making gas exchange less efficient.
116
What has the combustion been caused by?
Fish farming and combustion of fossil fuels so reducing combustion may prevent drastic pH change.
117
What is the freshwater boundary classified as?
AVOIDABLE
118
What is the freshwater boundary?
It's when many organisms need freshwater to live, it occurs naturally on the Earth surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, ponds etc. It comes largely from precipitation as mist rain and snow. However it's not always potable as it could contain dust or toxic ions.
119
How has human activity reduced water availability?
Changing landscapes e.g. draining wetlands, deforestation, soil erosion influences the flow of freshwater affecting the water cycle.
Agriculture consumes a large quantity of freshwater putting stress on local resources damaging ecosystems.
Increased demand on people moving to warmer climates with low freshwater levels.
Water pollution e.g. eutrophication makes it unstable.
Climate change glaciers melt increase in freshwater available ability initially before decreasing if flooding then causes drought.
Thermal expansion of ocean water rising sea levels which could dominate freshwater regions.
Groundwater could become too salty for drinking and irrigation.
Semi arid and arid areas are vulnerable as rain occurs over a short period of time.
Increase in population with an increase in life expectancy.
Increase in use e.g. shower.
120
What are the consequences of a reduction in water availability?
Desertification.
Rivers may fail to reach the sea.
Fisheries are destroyed.
A loss of bodies of water gives a wide area more extreme temperatures making it more arid.
121
What are the methods for increasing freshwater availability?
Water conservation - stop irrigation on non-food crops. Water efficiency.
Waste water reclamation for irrigation and industrial use.
Urban run-off, stormwater capture, recharging ground water.
Drip irrigation for food crops (fertilised water drip directly into the roots rather than sprayed over a large area).
Reduce, reuse, recycle.
Desalination
122
What is desalination?
It's the removal of minerals from salt water producing freshwater leaving salt and recycled waste water.
It has a high energy consumption so is expensive.
123
What are the two methods for desalination?
Solar stills and reverse osmosis.
124
Explain solar stills?
Seawater is distilled using heat from the Sun. It converts salt water into distilled water with no air pollution or warm water discharges which are endangered species.
125
Explain reverse osmosis?
The seawater is separated from freshwater by selectively permeable membrane. Pressure is applied from the seawater across the membrane it is enforced across the membrane to the freshwater against a concentration gradient. Most power stations use fossil fuels or nuclear energy and the waste heat is used to drive desalination.
126
What are the environmental problems with desalination?
Brine (conc NaCl) is discharged: it's avoided by diluting brine before entering the ocean.
Brine is denser than seawater because of its high solute concentration so sinks and damages the seabed ecosystem.
Burning fossil fuels to generate heat to run the system.
127
What is the atmospheric aerosol loading boundary classified as?
NOT QUANTIFIED
128
Explain the atmospheric aerosol loading boundary?
The atmosphere contains minute particles both natural and man-made. This is from combustion of fossil fuels and dust from digging and quarrying.
129
Give examples of how the atmospheric aerosol loading boundary is affected?
In aerosols to sulphate reflect sunlight (cooling) while other particulates absorb and re-radiate sunlight (warming)
Particles in diesel engines are inhaled and lodged in the lungs increasing the risk of lung cancer they could also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Deposition of leaves reduces light absorption for photosynthesis decreasing crop yield.
130
What are the consequences of atmospheric aerosol loading?
The Asian brown cloud blocks sunlight, lowering temperature, evaporation rates and rainfall disrupting the monsoon increases floods and droughts.
Extreme drought in Sahel in 1970 and 1980 length with populations from Europe and America reducing moisture in the air which moved over Africa.
Soot (burning felled trees) accumulates, it falls and darkens the ice sheets which reflects less heat and melts more quickly.
131
What is the introduction of Novel entities boundary classified as?
NOT QUANTIFIED
132
Give examples of how novel entities may be persistent and have irreversible effects?
Synthetic organic pollutants e.g PCBs and DDT(banned)
Radioactive materials.
Genetically modified organisms: solution for world shortages, drug manufacture, cleaning up pollution.
Nano materials e.g. coatings on computer chips, self-cleaning textiles, anti-microbial silver nano particles in socks.
Health advances e.g. targeted methods for drug delivery, new cancer therapies, early disease detection. Microplastics: plastic beads and cosmetics.
