Human Lifespan Development (1) Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
The four principles of growth
A
- Growth rates are not constant
- Different parts of the body grow at different rates
- Growth rates vary between children
- The growth rate of boys is usually faster than that of girls (men tend to be taller)
2
Q
How are you measured in the first 2 years of life?
A
Length when lying down
3
Q
How are you measured after 2 years old?
A
In height standing up
4
Q
When is head circumference measured?
A
At birth and at 6-8 weeks
5
Q
Why is head circumference measured at 6-8 weeks?
A
To identify any abnormalities in brain or skull growth
6
Q
How do you measure head circumference?
A
Across the forehead, just above the ears and at the midpoint of the back of the head
7
Q
Growth is an indicator of…
A
Children’s health and wellbeing
8
Q
How are measurements plotted?
A
On a growth chart
9
Q
What do centile lines represent?
A
measurements from a large number of children to show ‘norms’ of growth in each age group
10
Q
What do growth charts give?
A
Length/height
Weight
Head dimensions
(Expected at particular ages)
11
Q
Why do we compare children’s growth against norms?
A
To identify signs of ill-health and development problems
12
Q
Why are growth charts different for boys and girls?
A
Their expected rate of growth varies
13
Q
PIES development ?
A
Physical
Intellectual (cognitive)
Emotional
Social
14
Q
Physical development is…
A
Growth and other physical changes that happen to our body throughout life
15
Q
Intellectual development is…
A
The development of language, memory and thinking skills
16
Q
Emotional development is…
A
The ability to cope with feelings about ourselves and towards others
17
Q
Social development is…
A
The ability to form friendships and relationships, and learn to be independent
18
Q
Each stage of development is called a…
A
Milestone (developmental norms)
19
Q
Cam development be measured?
A
NO
Development is observed and cannot be measured in the same way as growth
20
Q
0-3 months
A
Can use gurgling and crying to communicate
21
Q
18 months
A
Can say six to ten words
22
Q
2 years
A
Can link words together
23
Q
3 years
A
Can link simple sentences
24
Q
8 years
A
Can reason and explain
25
What does observation involve?
| Why do we observe children?
Assessment of a child’s abilities, learning and behaviour
| to ensure that they are making expected progress against milestones
26
Gross motor skills allow children to...
Control the large muscles in their torso, arms, legs, hands and feet
27
Where do infants develop their gross motor skills?
From the head down
28
What happens to GMS around six months old?
Infants gradually control muscles in their neck and back so they can roll, sit and crawl
29
What happens to GMS around 11-13 months?
Muscles in a child’s legs develop so they can stand and walk
30
What happens to GMS at age 2?
Infants can climb onto low furniture and propel a sit-on toy
31
What happens to GMS at 2.5 years?
Can kick a ball
32
Gross motor skills are used for...
```
Crawling
Walking
Running
Balancing
Skipping
Jumping
Kicking
Pushing
Pulling
Bending
Climbing
```
33
GMS at 3 years...
Can throw a ball
| Can pedal and control a tricycle
34
GMS at 3-4 years...
Can balance and walk along a line
Can run forwards and backwards
Can hop on one foot
35
GMS at 5-8 years...
```
Can skip with a rope
Can ride a bicycle
Can hop, skip and jump with confidence
Can accurately throw and catch a ball
Can balance on a low beam
```
36
Fine motor skills are...
Important for controlling and coordinating the movement of small muscles in the fingers and hands
37
FMS in newborns
Can grasp an adults finger
38
FMS by 3 months
Can hold a rattle for a short time
39
FMS by 6 months
Will grasp a toy and pass it to their other hand
40
FMS at 12 months
Will pick up small objects using a pincer grasp
41
FMS at 18 months
Can build with small blocks, use a spoon and make marks with crayons using palmar grasp
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FMS at 2 years
Can pull on shoes and control crayons to draw circles and dots
43
FMS at 3 years
Develop tripod grasp
| Can use a fork and spoon
44
FMS at 5 years
Can write own name
| Uses hand-eye coordination
45
When does puberty take place?
Girls - around 11-13 years
| Boys - around 13-15 years
46
How does puberty happen?
Hormone in brain sends signal to pituitary gland
| Pituitary gland releases hormones that stimulate ovaries/testes to produce sex hormones
47
What is ‘a sudden increase in height’?
A growth spurt
| Happens during puberty
48
Role of sex hormone (boys)
testosterone (produced by testes)
stimulates penis and testes growth, pubic hair growth, muscle development and lowering of voice
49
Role of sex hormones (girls)
oestrogen and progesterone (produced in ovaries)
stimulate growth of breasts and reproductive system, and help regulate menstrual cycle
50
What are primary sexual characteristics?
Processes related to the sex organs that are present at birth and mature when sex hormones are released
51
Primary sexual characteristics in girls
- menstruation begins
- uterus and vagina grows
- ovulation occurs
52
Primary sexual characteristics in boys
- penis enlarges
- prostate gland produces secretions
- testes enlarge and produce sperm
53
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
Not necessary for reproduction
| Develop when sex hormones are released
54
Secondary sexual characteristics in girls
- growth of armpit and pubic hair
- increased layers of fat under skin
- breasts enlarge
- growth spurt
- hips widen
55
Secondary sexual characteristics in boys
- growth of facial hair
- growth of armpit, chest and pubic hair
- increased muscle
- growth spurt
- larynx (voice box) grows, causing the voice to deepen (break)
56
What happens in physical maturity?
| Early adulthood
- physical strength and stamina is at its peak
- sexual characteristics are fully developed
- hand-eye coordination at its peak
- women are at their most fertile (can become pregnant and lactate)
- reaction time is quickest
- full height is reached
57
When do women reach the end of reproductive years?
40-45 years old
| Period is called perimenopause
58
What symptoms does the reduction of oestrogen cause?
- hot flushes
- night sweats
- mood swings
- loss of libido
- vaginal dryness
59
What happens during perimenopause?
- oestrogen decreases
- ovulation is irregular
- menstruation becomes less frequent
60
When does the ageing process begin?
Mainly in middle adulthood
61
Signs of ageing?
- greying hair
- loss of muscle tone, strength and stamina
- body shape may change with increase/loss of weight
- men begin to lose hair
- women are no longer fertile - menstruation end
- loss of height
62
What is menopause?
The natural and gradual ending of menstruation
Happens over several years
Happens during middle adulthood
63
Role of oestrogen
Regulates ovulation
| Most important part of female sexuality
64
Role of progesterone
Needed for implantation of fertilised eggs in the uterus, maintenance of pregnancy and sexual health
65
What does a reduction in oestrogen cause?
- ovaries to stop producing eggs
- thinning and shrinkage of vagina
- mood swings (as oestrogen regulates neurotransmitters that affect mood)
66
A reduction in oestrogen affects...
- health of hair, skin and nails
| - hypothalamus in brain, which regulates temperature, causing hot flushes and night sweats
67
Reduction in oestrogen and progesterone...
- gradually stops menstruation
| - impacts libido
68
What is the ageing process?
The natural deterioration of the body
69
Effects of ageing in later adulthood
- reduction in hearing and vision
- less mobility
- loss of muscle and stamina
- decline in strength
- less elasticity in the skin
- more susceptible to infections and disease
- more likely to fall and be injured
70
What happens to height by age 80?
may have lost as much as 5cm in height
71
What causes height loss in later adulthood?
Changes in posture and compression of spinal discs and joints
72
Ageing can sometimes have a negative impact on...
cognitive development
- memory
- recall
- speed of thinking
73
Types of intellectual development?
```
Problem solving
Language development
Memory
Moral development
Abstract thought and creative thinking
```
74
Why is problem solving needed?
To work things out and make predictions about what might happen
75
Why is language development needed?
Essential to organise and express thoughts
76
Why is memory needed?
Essential for storing and recalling information
77
Why is abstract thought and creative thinking needed?
For thinking and discussing things that can’t be observed
78
Why is moral development needed?
For reasoning and making choices about how to act towards self and others
79
Intellectual development in infancy and early childhood
Time of rapid intellectual development
| 90% or neurone (brain cell) connections are in place by 5 years old
80
Intellectual development in early adulthood
Intellectual development continues
Gained knowledge, experience and skills by this stage
Use past experiences to make judgements
Thinking is logical and realistic
81
Intellectual development in later adulthood
Continue to learn new skills
| Intelligence doesn’t change but short-term memory and thinking speed may decline
82
Intellectual milestone - birth
can use all their senses to help understand the world around them
83
Intellectual milestone - 3 years
can ask questions, count, recognise colours and sort objects
84
Intellectual milestone - 5 years
start to read and write and draw in detail, can talk about the past and future
85
Intellectual milestone - 8 years
can think more deeply, reason, talk about abstract ideas and plans
86
4 reflexes in infancy...
Moro: sitting the baby up - protects itself
Rooting: (sucking motion) helps breastfeeding - disappears by 4 months
Palmar: essential for fine motor skills development - disappears by 6 months
Babinski: toes separate - stops at 12 months
87
What are developmental norms used for?
Judging whether a child is progressing normally
88
Language development in infancy
0-3 mths - cry for food or comfort, make mouth movements in response
6-12 mths - understand some words, make sounds (e.g. gaga)
18 mths - can say between 6 and 10 words, can follow simple instructions
89
Language development in early childhood
2-3 yrs - link words together (e.g. me car), vocab increases to approx 200 words
3-5 years - uses simple sentences, asks questions, may use incorrect forms of words
8 years - speaks in complex sentences, can reason and explain
90
Language development in adolescence
Developing vocabulary
| Uses language to explore abstract ideas
91
Who came up with Language Acquisition Device (LAD) ?
Noam Chomsky
92
What did Noam Chomsky suggest?
- humans are born with a structure in brain that enables them to acquire language
- humans have a critical period for first language development in early years
- humans all follow the same pattern of language development
- humans have an innate understanding of the structure of language (universal grammar)
93
Criticisms of Chomsky
- lack of scientific evidence of innate understanding of structure of language
- rate of language development is affected by the degree of interactions with others
- doesn’t take into account a language acquisition support system is required
- he put emphasis on grammar in sentence development rather than meanings
94
What is self-concept?
- an individual’s evaluation of their own self worth
| - combination of self-image and self-esteem
95
What is self-image?
How individuals view themselves, influenced by how others perceive them
96
What is self-esteem?
How individuals value and feel about the knowledge they have of themselves
97
Factors that may impact on self-image and self-esteem
- family and culture
- achievement (e.g. school)
- life experiences
- sexual orientation
- others’ attitudes
- emotional development (including early attachment)
98
Is a person’s self esteem constant?
NO
| may change depending on circumstances
99
What is a feral child?
human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a young age
