Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuromuscular Rehabilitation > Human Motor Development: Introduction, Foundational Concepts, and Theories > Flashcards

Human Motor Development: Introduction, Foundational Concepts, and Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Which three elements influence the process of development?

A

Biophysical: genetics, height, weight, anthropometrics
Psychological: behaviors, experiences, activities
Social-Cultural: norms and expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neural Maturational Theories

A
  • behaviors and motor skills occur as the CNS matures and responds to the environment
  • development is hierarchical in nature, so complexity of motor skills coincides with biological maturation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cognitive Theories

A
  • “stages” of development that links motor behavior to cognitive development
  • the mind drives change through internal learning processes and scaffolding
  • child develops schemas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a schema?

A

Process of learning rules to evaluate, correct, and update motor plans through trial and error across many repetitions of practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Process by which caregivers provide environmental challenges to encourage higher level skill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dynamical Systems Theories

A
  • multiple systems engage together to effect change
  • considers factors such as developing nervous system, body’s physical properties, child’s motivation, environment
  • development is non-linear and allows for variability
  • neuronal group selection theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Neuronal Group Selection Theory?

A

The development of primary neuronal (in utero) and secondary neuronal (after utero) repertoires based on experiences in the environment, part of Dynamical Systems Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What needs to occur before muscles can be activated for function?

A

Elongation of said muscle to achieve the proper length-tension relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At what age is an infant considered an neonate?

A

From birth to 10 days of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the key aspects of physiological flexion

A
  • head is rotated (weight bearing on cheek and nose when in prone)
  • scapula elevated and adducted
  • elbows flexed (will not touch surface when in prone)
  • hip flexion
  • ankle dorsiflexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can you observe in a neonate in supine?

A
  • umbilical cord
  • physiological flexion
  • barrel chested appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or False
Bursts of shoulder driven movement and will recoil back into flexion due to volitional movement

A

False
Bursts of shoulder driven movement will recoil back into flexion due to transient flexor tone from physiological flexion, volitional movement is voluntary which cannot be controlled at this stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main neonatal developmental reflexes?

A

Rooting - searching for food
Sucking - feeding
Galant - curving spine toward stimulus
Grasp - palmar and plantar grasp
Palmar and Plantar Placing - bring hands or feet up to surface underneath table, expect baby to bring limb to top of table
Stepping - movement while in supported standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can you observe in a neonate in prone?

A
  • elbows off surface
  • stable head due to elevated shoulders
  • phasic bursts of movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or False
In prone, a neonate is able to lift their head up briefly

A

True
Phasic bursts of asymmetrical extension change the position of the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which baby will present with greater head lag during “pull-to-sit”: 5 day old baby or 1 month old baby?

A

A one month old baby will have greater head lag

the 5 day old baby is still in physiological flexion, so flexion tone helps to decrease head lag by “recoiling” the head forward

the 1 month old baby has decreased physiological flexion to help recoil the head forward, it also has not yet developed the flexor strength to bring the head forward voluntarily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where should weight-bearing occur during supported sitting in a neonate?

A

Ischial tuberosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What reflex can occur in a neonate in supported standing?

A

Neonatal stepping: baby bears weight and can take reciprocal steps when bounced or leaned forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some red flags that can be observed in a neonate?

A
  • feeding problems
  • irritable
  • stiffness in trunk or extremities
  • limpness/floppiness in the trunk or extremities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some characteristics of a baby 1-2 months old?

A
  • Physiological flexion is diminished by increased active movements and gravity
  • Increased asymmetry and large movements
  • Increased alertness to surrounding environment (visual tracking)
  • Reflexive grasp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why do 1-2 month old babies present with hypotonicity?

A

Decreased flexor tone due to diminished physiological flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can you observe in a 1-2 month old baby in supine?

A
  • Increased head mobility (rotation for tracking objects)
  • Increased abduction and ER of the LEs and presentation of reciprocal kicking
  • Arms more extended (away from the body) to elongate pectoral muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What reflex helps to teach a 1-2 month old baby left versus right?

A

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can you observe in a 1-2 month old baby in prone?

A
  • Asymmetrical positioning due to gravity compressing into the baby into the surface
  • Can briefly lift head through asymmetrical bursts of extension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prone prop in 1-2 month old babies is preparation for what?

A

Weight-bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Astasia Abasia?

A

In babies approximately 2 months old, weight gain paired with diminished physiological flexion causes them to be unable to weight-bear or step during supported standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some main characteristics of a 3 month old baby?

A
  • Symmetry of eyes and midline orientation of head
  • Increased alertness
  • Improved anti-gravity flexor control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some main characteristics of a 4 month old baby?

A
  • Controlled alternating movements (reciprocal movements)
  • Coordination of L and R sides that is not yet smooth
  • Visual fixing and babbling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What can you observe in a 3 month old baby in supine?

A
  • Can hold head in midline (diminishing ATNR reflex)
  • Increased horizontal tracking (head rotation can lead to log roll)
  • Reciprocal kicking of LE activates abs and increases proprioceptive input
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What can you observe in a 4 month old baby in supine?

A
  • Eyes begin to dissociate from head (eye movement independent from head movement)
  • Can roll to side lying when the head flexes or rotates
  • Ulnar palmar grasp
  • Reach UE toward lower abdomen and upper leg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does rolling from supine to side lying benefit a 4 month old baby?

A

Repeated weight-bearing at the hip helps to deepen the concavity of the acetabulum to stabilize the femoral head in preparation for creeping
Other: develop core stability, cervical side bending, view more of their body, etc.

32
Q

What can you observe in a 3 month old baby in prone?

A
  • POE (elbows in line or anterior to shoulders)
  • Increased head/neck extension (posterior weight shift leads to spinal extension)
  • Symmetrical LEs
33
Q

What can you observe in a 4 month old baby in prone?

A
  • Increased head/trunk symmetry (balances on neck flexors and extensors)
  • Pivot prone (reaching arms upward while bearing weight on lower rib cage)
  • Intentionally rolling from prone to side lying
34
Q

What can you observe in a 3 month old baby during pull-to-sit and sitting?

A
  • Head is in midline and chin tuck is initiated part way through the pull-to-sit
  • Sits with support and can hold their head up for a few seconds at a time
35
Q

What can you observe in a 4 month old baby during pull-to-sit and sitting?

A
  • Increased flexor control ( more head control and can slightly assist by pulling with their arms)
  • Can sit when properly placed for short periods of time with B UE propping, any movement will cause them to fall
36
Q

What can you observe in a 3 month old baby in supported standing?

A
  • Some extension gained in LEs (can weight bear, astasia abasia is diminished)
  • Can lift head upright and arms are up to assist with postural control
37
Q

What can you observe in a 4 month old baby in supported standing?

A
  • Increased weight-bearing LEs with narrow BOS
  • More hip extension
38
Q

What are some of the main characteristics of a 5-6 month old baby?

A
  • Asymmetrical, dissociated, reciprocal movement as they gain control
  • Improved anti-gravity extension of hips/trunk and improved anti-gravity flexion in head/trunk
  • Social, but begins to have separation anxiety
  • Increasingly vocal
39
Q

Balanced action of flexors and extensors throughout the body allow for the development of what kinds of movements?

A

Frontal plane movements and transverse (rotational) plane movements

40
Q

What can be observed in a 5 month old in supine?

A
  • Can bring hands to feet while LEs are flexed, abducted, and ER (knees are flexed)
  • Begins early bridging with minimal
  • Able to roll from supine to side lying and lift head off surface (lateral flexion)
  • Can position into high side lie but trunk is largely inactive
41
Q

What is the purpose of a 5 month old baby bringing their hands to their feet with their LEs flexed?

A

Proprioception and tactile sensory input to the feet to prepare for weight-bearing

42
Q

What is the benefit of a 5 month old baby performing early bridging?

A
  • Elongation of hip flexors to prepare for activation in creeping, standing, and walking
  • Sensation and weight-bearing through the heel/foot and strengthening of glutes
43
Q

What are the benefits of a 5 month old baby positioning themselves in sidelying?

A
  • Asymmetrical sensory information
  • Acetabulum concavity continues to develop
  • GH joint strength increases
  • New visual and vestibular information
44
Q

What can you observe in a 6 month old in supine?

A
  • Can bring hands to feet with LEs extended (hips flexed, knees extended)
  • Uses radial-palmar grasp
  • UEs dissociated from LEs, LEs are dissociated from each other
  • Can assume vaulted position in sidelying
  • Can roll from supine to prone
45
Q

Described what a “vaulted position” is

A
  • In sidelying, the top leg does not remain stacked on the bottom leg, instead there is abduction, flexion, and ER of the top LE and the bottom of the foot is flat on the ground in front of the baby
  • Precursor to weight-bearing and transitions
46
Q

What is the significance of a 6 month old baby bringing their foot to their mouth with knees extended?

A

Elongation of hamstrings

47
Q

What can you observe in a 5 month old baby in prone?

A
  • Can maintain prone on extended hands, hands are placed far in front of the child for larger BOS
  • Rotation of head drives extension down the spine
48
Q

Why does a 5 month old baby place their hands far in front of them (higher up in space) when in prone?

A
  • Elongation of intercostals to prepare for speech and matured respiration
  • Wider BOS
49
Q

What can you observe in a 6 month old baby in prone?

A
  • Extension across the pelvis
  • Controlled pivot in prone and belly crawl
  • Begin to transition from prone to quadruped
  • Mature landau reflex (protective extension anteriorly)
  • Can roll from prone to supine
  • Core is active and off of support surface
50
Q

What can you observe in a 5 month old baby in pull-to-sit and sitting?

A
  • Very minimal head lag
  • Can sit propped (yoked)
  • Any head rotation or sudden movements will cause them to fall
51
Q

What can you observe in a 6 month old baby in pull-to-sit and sitting?

A
  • No head lag, baby will assist by tucking chin and pulling with UEs
  • Can sit independently without external support but cannot transition into sitting independently
  • UEs will be in high guard but are free and can be used to play or prop to reach for something
52
Q

What is the difference between a baby sitting independently and an independent sitter?

A

A baby sitting independently has been placed in that position while an independent sitter can transition into sitting without help

53
Q

What can you observe in a 5-6 month old baby in supported standing?

A
  • Will accept full weight into LEs
  • Hips are still slightly flexed and are posterior to shoulders
  • UEs begin to lower, but still remain in slight abduction for postural control
54
Q

What can you observe in a 7-12 month old baby in prone and quadruped?

A
  • A variability of postures in prone prepare the infant for upright function
  • Quadruped requires stability in the core, proximal hip, and proximal shoulder
55
Q

What prepared the baby for quadruped?

A
  • High sidelying brought on volitional neck righting and elongation on the weight-bearing side
  • Also provided deep proprioceptive input to the hand
56
Q

What is a 4 point creeping pattern and when will a baby use it?

A

A 4 point pattern means that only one limb moves at a time so it is an earlier, slower pattern observed at approximately 7-8 months of age

57
Q

What is a 2 point creeping pattern and when will a baby use it?

A

A 2 point pattern means that 2 limbs move at the same time so it is a later, quicker pattern observed at approximately 8-10 months of age

58
Q

What are the three types of creeping patterns?

A

Homolateral: Both UE and LE on one side will move before the UE and LE on the contralateral side
Bunny Hopping: Reach UEs forward and LEs will hop forward together after UEs
Reciprocal: UE will reach forward, then opposite LE will follow, other UE will reach forward and opposite LE will follow

59
Q

What is required for reciprocal creeping?

A

Spinal mobility

There will be thoracic rotation toward the weight-bearing side and lumbar rotation contralateral to the weight-bearing side

60
Q

When will spinal rotation in sitting develop and how does that impact sitting?

A

Spinal rotation will develop around 7-8 months and will allow the baby to have a dynamic BOS in sitting

61
Q

When are forward, lateral, and posterior protective responses developed?

A

Forward: approx. 6 months
Lateral: approx. 7 months
Posterior: approx. 8 months

62
Q

When does a baby become an independent sitter?

A

Babies will be able to transition in and out of sitting independently around 8-9 months, which is also when they will develop the radial digital and inferior pincer grasp

63
Q

What ability develops at approx. 9 months that requires trunk control?

A

The ability to raise UEs above shoulders

64
Q

Babies use the superior pincer grasp to grab food, when does the grasp develop?

A

Approx. 10-12 months

65
Q

When is it “okay” to see a baby W-sit?

A

The tibia and foot are aligned (ankle in plantarflexion) and the baby also assumes a variety of other sitting positions

66
Q

When is it “not okay” to see a baby W-sit?

A

The tibia and foot are not aligned (eversion at ankle) and the baby does not assume a variety of other sitting positions

Can cause strain at medial ligaments of the knee and torsion at the hip

67
Q

When can a baby independently get on and off of a small chair or bench?

A

12 months old

68
Q

What can you observe in a 7-12 month old baby in pull-to-stand?

A

A variety of strategies to transition from the floor to modified plantigrade that will initially be driven by UE strength

69
Q

What can you observe in a 7-12 month old baby in supported standing?

A

Child will become more vertical, narrow their BOS, and require less support as they gain skill in plantigrade, rotation in this position will develop around 10-12 months

70
Q

What can you observe in a 9-11 month old baby while they are cruising?

A

Early cruising: vision leads with UE to widen BOS, one LE will step which is followed by a quick step of the other LE (typically 4-point)
Middle cruising: homolateral pattern (UE/LE on ipsi side lift together)
Later cruising: only one UE on the support surface

71
Q

What precursors to walking occur at 8-10 months old?

A
  • Walking with both hands held, this occurs once the child has greater trunk control
  • Hands held posteriorly to pin scapula to ribcage for more stability
72
Q

What precursors to walking occur at 11-12 months old?

A
  • Walking with one hand held will emerge after the child begins cruising with one UE on support surface
  • Standing without support, UEs will be in high guard and LEs have wide BOS
73
Q

The child is getting ready to walk independently when…

A
  • They can squat and recover with minimal support
  • Can remove both UEs from support surface briefly
  • Cruises with one UE on support surface
  • Stands with minimal support and rotates head/trunk
74
Q

Walking occurs somewhere between 7 and 15 months (typically around 12), what are some characteristics of early walking?

A
  • High guard, wide BOS, anterior COM, fast speed, short strides, lack of arm swing
  • Swing phase has excessive hip flexion and LE ER
  • Stance phase lacks heel strike and LEs are stiff
75
Q

When will a baby be able to transition from floor to standing using the tall kneel to 1/2 kneel strategy?

A

With UE support: 9-10 months
Without UE support: 3-4 years due to leg strength

76
Q

When will a baby be able to squat from floor to standing without UE support?

A

11-12 months

77
Q

When will a baby be able to squat from standing to the floor?

A

With UE support: 10-11 months with asymmetrical lowering
Without UE support: 12 months, initially will have diminished control for eccentric lowering

Neuromuscular Rehabilitation (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions