Human Nutrition

Question 1

What is a nutrient

Answer 1

Chemical substance found in foods and is used in human body

Question 2

Essential Nutrient

Answer 2

Cannot be synthesised by the body and must be inhested as part of a diet

Question 3

Non essential Nutrient

Answer 3

Can be made by the body or has a replacement nutrient that serves the same dietary purpose

Question 4

Why are carbohydrates non essential

Answer 4

Cna be obtained from othet sources without ill effect

Question 5

Trace minerals and examples

Answer 5

Needed in small amounts, ex iron, copper and zinc

Question 6

Macrominerals and examples

Answer 6

Needed in large numbers ex, calcium, phosphate and chloride

Question 7

Malnutrition

Answer 7

Caused by deficiency , imbalance or excess of nutrients in the diet.
Caused by inadeuqate utilisation of nutrients by the body due to illeness or disease

Question 8

Sighns of malnutriton

Answer 8

Stunted growth, wasting , obesity

Question 9

How is energy content of food determined

Answer 9

Via combustion,
burning a sample of known mass and measruign the energy released via calorimetry

Question 10

Formula to find energy content of food

Answer 10

(Mass of water * 4.2* temp increase) / mass of food

Question 11

Error of calorimetry

Answer 11

Unwanted loss of heat to the environment

Question 12

How many essential amino acids are there

Answer 12

9

Question 13

Define Amino acids

Answer 13

• Monomeric building blocks of proteins
• 20 different amino acids that are universal to all living organisms
• Essential or non essential or conditionally non essential

Question 14

What’s conditionally non essential amino acids

Answer 14

Can be produced by the body but at rates lower than certain conditional requirement such as pregnancy or infancy, they are essential at certain times only.

Question 15

Phenylketonuria

Answer 15

Genetic condition that results in impaired metabolsim of the amino acid and phenylanine

• Autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation to the enxyme phnylanine hydrooxylase
• causes toxic build up of phnylketone in the blood and urine
• Leads to brain damage and mental retardation diagnosis via a blood test

Question 16

how is PKU treated

Answer 16

Enforcing a strict diet, to restrict phenylamine to prevent its build up in the body.

• Low protein diet
• supplemented formula that contains essential amino acids

Question 17

Lipids definition

Answer 17

Humans synthesize most fatty acids from carbohydrates except 2 cis polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Question 18

Why cant humans produce omega 3 and 6

Answer 18

Lack the enzyme needed to introduce the double bonds at the required position of the carbon chain.

Question 19

Why are essential fatty acids needed

Answer 19

To make lipid based compounds, that play a role as signaling molecules in the body.

Question 20

How are fats and cholesterol transported

Answer 20

packaged to form lipoproteins for transport, this is due to fats and cholesterol being unable to dissolve in the bloodstream.

Question 21

LDL

Answer 21

Low density lipoproteins,
carried from liver to body
Increase blood cholesterol

Question 22

HDL

Answer 22

High density lipoproteins
carried excess from body to liver
decrease blood cholesterol for disposal

Question 23

Trans fats effects on the body

Answer 23

Increase LDL, and decrease HDL

Question 24

Atherosclerosis

Answer 24

Hardening and narrowing of arteries, caused by an increase in LDL, that forms deposits on the walls of the arteries.
The accumulation of fat within the arterial wall leads to the development of plaque that restrict blood floe.
If coronary arteries become blocked CH results in heart attack and stroke.

Question 25

Define Vitamins

Answer 25

Chemically diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body

Essential molecules

Water Soluble - B and C (excess lost in urine)
Fat soluble - A,D,E, K (stored within the body)

Question 26

Functions of vitamins

Answer 26

Cofactors, anti oxidants or hormones.

Question 27

Ascorbic acid definition

Answer 27

Vitamin C.
required for metabolic activities within plants and animals
In mammals it functions as a potent antioxidant and plays an important role in the immune function

Involved in collagen synthesis and in lipoprotein synthesis

Question 28

Deficiency of vitamin c

Answer 28

Scurvy and weakening of immune system

Question 29

Effects of lack of vitamin C

Answer 29

SHADES
Skin discoloration
Hemorrhaging
Anemia
Dental issues
Exhaustion
Swelling of joints

Question 30

Vitamin D definition

Answer 30

Involved in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the body and contribute to bone mineralisation

Question 31

Vitamin D deficiency and other minerals

Answer 31

In absence of vitamin d, elements such as calcium and phosphorous are not absorbed but excreted in feces

Question 32

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 32

Osteomalacia
Rickets

Question 33

Where is vitamin D stored

Answer 33

Liver

Question 34

Effects of a lack of Vitamin D

Answer 34

BADGES
bone fragility
Atrophy
Dental problems
Growth retardation
Enlargement of liver
skeletal deformities

Question 35

Define Minerals

Answer 35

Dietary minerals are chemical elements that are required as an essential nutrients by organisms

Question 36

Minerals in plant development

Answer 36

Magnesium - chlorophyll
Potassium - in sap to maintain water potential
Calcium - Important for plant root and shoot elongation

Question 37

What controls hunger

Answer 37

Hormonal signals
(Stimulate or inhibit appetite control center to promote hunger or satiety)

Question 38

The release of hormones can be triggered how

Answer 38

stretch receptors
Adipose tissue in response to fat storage
Pancreases release hormones in response to changes in blood sugar content

Question 39

Ghrelin

Answer 39

stomach
hunger response

Question 40

Glucagon

Answer 40

Pancreas
Hunger response

Question 41

Leptin

Answer 41

Adipose tissues
Satiety response

Question 42

CCK

Answer 42

intestine
Satiety response