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IASM nutrition and metabolism > human nutrition > Flashcards

human nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

factors affecting nutritional status

A

biological - genetic, phase of lifestyle
psychology -satiety, appetite, palatability of food
social - availability of food, cultural customs
energy expenditure
disease presence

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2
Q

importance of nutrition in health + disease

A

prevention, progression + management of disease

excess weight -> covid 19 complications

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3
Q

main class - carbohydrate

A

main energy source, some create long satiety for weight control, some are digested rapidly + stimulate craving

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4
Q

main class - fats

A

main energy source + storage, linked to heart disease

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5
Q

main class - proteins

A

provide cell structure
for cell functions, communication, signaling
‘last resort’ energy substrate

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6
Q

main class - essential fatty and amino acids

A

essentials - cannot be synthesized de novo + must be obtained through diet
fatty acids = linoleic acid and a-linoleic acid
amino acids - 10 PVT TIM HALL

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7
Q

main class - vitamin and minerals

A
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8
Q

purpose of nutrients

A

supply energy needed for body to perform work
provide building blocks for synthesis of other important molecules
support function of metabolic pathways

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9
Q

how is energy obtained from diet

A

food digested and absorbed -> products taken up by cells + oxidised to produce energy in ATP form

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10
Q

energy expenditure + influencing factors

A

sum of basal metabolic rate (energy needed for normal physiological functions when body is at rest), energy used in physical activity (most important changeable variable), thermic effect of food (during digestion, absorption, metabolism)

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11
Q

energy balance with weight gain / loss

A

subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, ectopic fat

obesity - high intake of high-calorie food / decrease in physical activity
losing weight - combination of diet + exercise + behaviour interventions

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12
Q

dietary reference intake values

A

EAR - 50% healthy indiv requirement
RDA - margin of safety ~97-98%
AI - estimation. of nutrient intake
UL - highest level of daily nutrient uptake with no adverse effects

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13
Q

MUST - malnutrition universal screening tool

A

BMI score -> weight loss score -> acute disease effect score -> overall risk of malnutrition -> management guidelines

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14
Q

nutritional assessments

A

anthropometric - bmi (limitation in athletes / limb deformed), waist-to-hip ratio, mid-arm circum
(easy to administer, cheap, quick but more analysis needed)

biochemical - blood, urine, farces
(objective + quantities but affected by med+diseases)

dietary data - food frequency questionnaires, direct analysis of food

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15
Q

classify vitamins and minerals

A

micronutrients - form prosthetic groups of enzymes / serve as cofactors, as hormones, as cell growth + proliferation + differentiation

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16
Q

fat-soluble vs water-soluble vitamins

A

fat: absorbed alongside dietary fats into lymph, transported by carrier protein + receptors, stored in liver / fat tissues

water: directly absorbed into blood, excess removed

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17
Q

vitamin A

A

as antioxidant, aura (retinal to produce rhodopsin), activation (gene expression, reproduction maintenance)

deficiency - night blindness, wound healing
excess - liver toxicity, birth defects

18
Q

vitamin D

A

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is active form
for calcium uptake

deficiency - rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
excess - deposition of Ca in organ

19
Q

vitamin E

A

antioxidant

deficiency - haemolytic anaemia, neurological + neuromuscular dysfunctions, retinopathy

20
Q

vitamin K

A

blood clotting, gamma-carboxylation of proteins
crushed by warfarins, cannot be found in infants

deficiency - bleeding + bruising, anaemic

21
Q

vitamin B - energy-releasing 1,2,3,5,7

A

B1 thiamine - coenzyme in carb metabolism (with pyruvate to gen ATP), deficiency - beriberi
B2 riboflavin - for electron transfer, deficiency - skin lesions
B3 niacin - for electron transfer, defi- pellagra
B5 - component of coenzyme A
B7 - coenzyme in synthesis of fat, glycogen + amino acids defi- depression, muscle pain

22
Q

vitamin B - haematopoeitic 9,12

A

B9 floic acid - one-C metabolism, coenzyme in nuclei acid + amino acid metabolism, defi- megaloblastic anaemia
B12 coenzyme for reaction, defi-anaemia

23
Q

vitamin B6

A

coenzyme of various enzymes (in amino acid metabolism), deficiency - neurological symptoms + anaemia

24
Q

Vitamin C

A

antioxidant - protest cells from ROS
reducing agent - keep iron reduced -> collagen stability
deficiency - scurvy ( collagen - defective connective tissues)
excess - renal oxalate stones

25
Q

use off vitamin supplements

A
26
Q

sodium, chloride, potassium

A

regulation - what stays and leaves, electrolytes + body fluids
sodium excess (hyponatremia) -> cerebral edema, hypernatremia -> dehydration
potassium deficiency + excess (hypokalemia + hyperkalemia) -> arrhythmia
chloride deficiency -> acid-base disturbance

27
Q

calcium, phosphate, magnesium

A

regulated by 3 key hormones - calcitriol (kidneys), parathyroid hormone + calcitonin (pth gland)
ca deficiency - osteoporosis, arrhythmia, excess - kidney stones
phosphate excess- calcification of soft tissues
magnesium deficient - arrhythmia

28
Q

iron

A

component of heme binding to o2 - found in haemoglonin, myoglobin + redox enzymes
non-heme: complexed to sulphur in proteins
needed for normal amount of haemoglobin + cytochromes + iron-sulphur complexes for o2 transport
defi- anaemia

29
Q

zinc

A

found in 100 enzymes used in carb + energy metabolism, protein + nuclei acid synthesis

30
Q

copper

A

remove superoxide, ROS
deficiency - anaemia
excess - liver cirrhosis

31
Q

enzymes to facilitate biochemical reaction

A

cells perform chemical reactions continuously or accomplish operations -> millions of reactions per second

32
Q

enzymes as catalysts

A

lower activation energy barrier
one enzyme catalyses one reaction

33
Q

types of enzymes

A

oxidoreductases - transfer H + P atoms / electrons
transferase
hydrolyse
isomerise
lysase
ligases

34
Q

specificity + location of enzyme reactions

A

active site - cleft, crevice formed by 1< regions of polypeptide chain

lock-and key model — amino acid arranged in comp 3d surface to recognise substrate + bound h-bond / e. a
induced-fit mode, — side chains of amino acid in active site reposition to interact with binded substrate

35
Q

enzyme rate + substrate conc

A
36
Q

bisubstrate enzymatic reaction

A

two substrate giving 2 products

37
Q

different factors affecting enzyme reaction rate

A

substrate concentration - rate increases when conc increase, maximum rate achieved at high velocity
enzyme conc - rate increase linearly with conc
pH - diff optimum range for diff pH depending on location in body
temp - reaction fastest and optimum temp reached, high temp cause active site to lose its shape -> enzyme lose ability to catalyze reactions

38
Q

types of enzyme activity regulation

A

by inhibitors - compounds bind reversibly to active site
(all products are reversible inhibitors of enzymes producing it)

by conformation change - affect active site
allosteric site activation + inhibition
covalent modification - phosphorylation
protein cleavage + break peptide bonds
change amt of enzyme

39
Q

competitive vs non-competitive inhibition of enzyme activity

A

competitive - compete with substrate to bind with site + high sub conc can overcome inhibition

non-competitive - affect binding, high sub conc cannot over on inhibition

40
Q

allosteric molecules for regulating enzyme

A

allosteric site = away from activity site ,bind to enzyme
activator - change distorted site to complem shape
inhibitor - change active site to distorted

much stronger effect on enzyme velocity, can be non-substrate/product, rapid effect

41
Q

proteolytic cleavage for regulating enzyme

A

break peptide bonds between amino acids
enzymes become functional (eg regulate blood clotting + activate protease when attaching to injury site -> clots formed)

42
Q

enzymes using multiple regulation

A

IASM nutrition and metabolism (1 decks)

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