Human Nutrition

Question 1

what are Macro Minerals

Answer 1

Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Chloride, Potassium, Sodium and sulphur

Question 2

what are trace minerals

Answer 2

Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Iron, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, zinc

Question 3

Critical Micronutrients Function

Answer 3

Bone health
Antioxidants
oxygen Transport
Enzyme Function
Immune Function
Electrolytes in Blood
Other Tissue Function

Question 4

where is the majority of calcium in the body

Answer 4

99%- Part of bone structure and in calcium bank

body fluids 1%
blood, Extracellular fluid and muscle and other tissue

Question 5

Calcium RDAs

Answer 5

1-10 yrs 800mg/d
11-17 1200mg/d
18+ 800mg/d
pregancy 1200mg/d
Lactation 1200mg/d

Question 6

Foods containing calcium

Answer 6

125ml of milk
cheese
youghurt ( 1 small carton)
cottage cheese
canned sardines
6 medium slices of brown bread
5-6 servings of green leafy veg

Question 7

Calcium Absorption and Metabolism

Answer 7

-Calcium concentrations are tightly controlled
-If levels are too high or low ( intestines , kidneys and bones respond)
- Vitamin D , Parathyoird Hormone(PTH), calcitons serves to increase or decrease plasma concentrations.

Question 8

Metabolic Function 1 of calcium

Answer 8

Extraskeletal Calcium
-Vasular contraction and vasodilation
muscle contraction
nerve transmission
Blood clotting

Question 9

Metabolic Function 2

Answer 9

Normal Skeletal growth
- bone turnover/ remodelling
-Formation exceeds breakdown in periods of growth
-early/middle adulthood both processes relatively equal
-Aging adult, bone breakdown exceeds formation

Question 10

How to determine Calcium Status

Answer 10

Dexa
- bone mineral content
bone mineral density

Question 11

Osteoporosis Definition

Answer 11

Normal: BMD within 1 sd of young adult referance mean for the population

Osteopenia: BMD within -1 and -2.5SD

Osteoporosis: BMD more than -2.5

Question 12

Calcium Deficiency

Answer 12

Osteoporosis and reduced bone mass

Question 13

Calcium Toxicity

Answer 13

Kidney stones, Calcification of soft tissue, Absorption of mineral (fe, Zn)

Question 14

Magnesium Foods

Answer 14

whole grains, legumes, Green leafy veg

Question 15

Magnesium RDA

Answer 15

320ug women
420ug Men

Question 16

Magnesium Metabolic Function

Answer 16

> 300 Enzymes reaction
- Glucose—Pyruvate
- Beta oxidation of fatty acids ( breakdown of FAs
-protein synthesis

Bone Development and maintenance ( structure)
DNA synthesis
ATP Production
Muscle contraction and blood clotting
Support Normal function of Immune system

Question 17

Magnesium Deficiency

Answer 17

Not a problem in healthy population
- Rare genetic abnormality
-hypocalcemia ( blood) and hypocalciuria ( urine)
- Abnormal Neuromuscular Functions

Question 18

Magnesium Toxicity

Answer 18

Not usually from food intake
- change in mental status, nausea, diarrhoea, muscle weakness , extremely low blood pressure

Question 19

Phosphorus Make up in the body

Answer 19

Skeleton (85%)
Soft tissue ( 15%)

Question 20

PHOSPHORUS foods

Answer 20

Milk, cheese, youghurt, eggs, chicken, beef, turkey, salmon,

Question 21

Phosphorus RDAs

Answer 21

1-10yrs 300-400mg/d
11-17yrs 625-775mg/d
18+ 550
pregnancy 950

Question 22

Phosphorus Metabolic Function

Answer 22

Structure
Phosphorus occurs as Hydroxyapatite in bone
-phospholipids, major component of most biological membranes are important for lipid transport
- Part of DNA

Question 23

More Phosphorus Metabolic Function

Answer 23

Maintains Ph buffer ( acid or alkali)
energy storage ( ATP; phosphate groups )
phosphorylation ( activation of enzymes )

Question 24

Phosphorus Deficiency (rare)

Answer 24

Hypohosphatemia
Anorexia, anaemia, muscle weakness, rickets , increased infection

Question 25

Phosphorus Toxicity

Answer 25

Hormone Control of calcium calcification of tissue, particularly the kidneys

Question 26

What composition in the Body

Answer 26

45-70% water - Adipose 10% - Lean 76%

Question 27

What is body water made up of ?

Answer 27

Electrolytes- sodium, potassium, calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Phosphate

Question 28

What mineral is the principal positively charges

Answer 28

Potassium

Question 29

What mineral is positively charged in extracellular fluid

Answer 29

Sodium

Question 30

What is the membrane potential ?

Answer 30

The concentration difference between potassium and sodium across cell membranes creating an electrochemical gradient

Question 31

How is membrane Potential maintained ?

Answer 31

ion pumps in the cell membrane

Question 32

Sodium/ Metabolic Metabolic function

Answer 32

Electrolytes, work with NaCl to maintain fluid balance. During nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions potassium and sodium switch places . Na+/k+ -ATPase pump restores intracellular and extracellular concentrations

Question 33

NaCl metabolic function ; Electrolytes

Answer 33

Na+ and Cl- predominate in extracellular fluids. Potassium and phosphate intracellular fluids

Question 34

NaCl Function 2

Answer 34

Move across cell membrane by active transport water moves to areas of high Na+ and/or Cl- body couples active transport of ions with passive movement of water to regulate fluid balance in various fluid compartments of the body.

Question 35

NaCl Function

Answer 35

Sodium: -Nerve conduction, Muscle contraction - active cellular transport - (Na+/K+ ATPase pump) -Formation of mineral apatite of bone (75%) chloride - Production of HCL in the stomach.

Question 36

NaCl Absorption and Metabolism

Answer 36

-Bioavailability is high One absorption mechanism involves glucose. -some absorbed in the colon - major extretion route is urine, and sweat

Question 37

NaCl absorption and metabolism

Answer 37

blood levels tightly controlled: - hyponatremia( ^aldosterone- kidney retain Na) -hypernatremia (low aldosterone- Na excreted in urine)

Question 38

Potassium

Answer 38

Major INTRAcellular electrolyte - 905 absorbed - as with sodium the kidney regulates excretion -aldosterone has opposite effect ( ^ NACl, low K) - excreted in urine

Question 39

Potassium foods

Answer 39

Legumnes, Nuts, meat, fish, bannas spinach and potatoes

Question 40

NA, CL, K deficiency

Answer 40

rare nausea, muscle cramps, confusion